Table 3.
Predictors of HIV/HBV co-infection among PWID study participants, 2013–2014 (N = 442)
| Characteristics | n/N | Prevalence of HBV/HIV | Crude OR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City | ||||||||
| Maputo | 49/318 | 15.1 | 2.1 | 0.9–3.9 | 0.01 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.4 | 0.27 |
| Nampula/Nacala | 10/126 | 7.9 | 1 | |||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 18–24 | 1/83 | 1.2 | 1 | |||||
| ≥25 | 58/361 | 16.1 | 15.7 | 3.4–279.5 | < 0.01 | 12.9 | 2.6–233.5 | < 0.01 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 56/424 | 13.2 | 0.9 | 0.3–3.8 | 0.17 | – | – | – |
| Female | 3/20 | 15.0 | 1 | |||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single/never married | 33/260 | 12.7 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.6 | 0.52 | – | – | – |
| Cohabitating/married | 12/93 | 12.9 | 0.8 | 0.3–1.8 | 0.63 | – | – | – |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 14/91 | 15.4 | 1 | |||||
| Education level | ||||||||
| No formal education/Primary school | 22/189 | 11.6 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.3 | 0.37 | – | – | – |
| Secondary/Higher | 37/254 | 14.6 | 1 | |||||
| Age at first drug use (years) | ||||||||
| < 18 | 6/50 | 12.0 | 1 | |||||
| 18–24 | 29/213 | 13.6 | 1.2 | 0.4–3.2 | 0.76 | – | – | – |
| ≥25 | 22/169 | 13.0 | 1.1 | 0.4–3.1 | 0.85 | |||
| No of sexual partners, last 12 months | ||||||||
| 0 | 10/89 | 11.2 | 1 | |||||
| 1 | 11/85 | 12.9 | 1.7 | 0.4–2.9 | 0.73 | – | – | – |
| ≥2 | 35/239 | 14.6 | 1.3 | 0.6–3.0 | 0.43 | – | – | – |
| Gave money, good goods or services in exchange for sex in the, past 12 monthsa | ||||||||
| Yes | 19/182 | 10.4 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.1 | 0.10 | – | – | – |
| No | 37/231 | 16.0 | 1 | |||||
| Received money, goods or services in exchange for sex, past 12 months | ||||||||
| Yes | 7/73 | 9.6 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.3 | 0.27 | – | – | – |
| No | 49/340 | 14.4 | 1 | |||||
| Ever received drugs in exchange for sex, lifetime | ||||||||
| Yes | 10/59 | 16.9 | 1.3 | 0.6–2.8 | 0.38 | – | – | – |
| No | 49/384 | 12.8 | 1 | |||||
| Had unprotected sexual intercourse at last sex | ||||||||
| Yes | 22/196 | 11.2 | 1.0 | 0.47–2.2 | 0.18 | – | – | – |
| No, used a condom | 26/149 | 15.0 | 1.7 | 0.08–3.7 | 1.01 | – | – | – |
| Not sexually active | 11/98 | 1 | ||||||
| Frequency of drug use, last 12 months | ||||||||
| Did not use | 1/22 | 4.3 | 1 | |||||
| Daily | 38/249 | 15.3 | 3.9 | 0.7–71.9 | 0.18 | – | – | – |
| Few times per year/month week | 20/172 | 11.6 | 2.8 | 0.6–53.2 | 0.31 | – | – | – |
| Ever shared needles/syringes | ||||||||
| Yes | 42/244 | 17.2 | 2.2 | 1.3–4.2 | < 0.01 | 1.8 | 1.2–3.4 | 0.05 |
| No | 17/200 | 8.5 | 1 | |||||
| Shared needles/syringes in the last month | ||||||||
| Yes | 22/138 | 15.9 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 | 0.27 | – | – | – |
| No | 37/306 | 12.1 | 1 | |||||
| Ever injected with a previous used needle/syringe | ||||||||
| Yes | 56/358 | 15.6 | 5.0 | 1.8–21.1 | < 0.01 | 5.3 | 1.9–22.4 | 0.01 |
| No | 3/85 | 3.5 | 1 | |||||
| Ever shared any other injection equipmentb | ||||||||
| Yes | 18/146 | 12.3 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.5 | 0.64 | – | – | – |
| No | 35/250 | 14.0 | 1 | |||||
| Had access to new syringes in the past 12 months | ||||||||
| Yes | 51/382 | 13.4 | 1 | |||||
| No | 7/61 | 11.5 | 0.8 | 0.3–1.8 | 0.68 | – | – | – |
| Received condoms in the past 12 months | ||||||||
| Yes | 27/172 | 15.7 | 1 | |||||
| No | 32/269 | 11.9 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | 0.25 | – | – | – |
| Ever incarcerated | ||||||||
| Yes | 45/296 | 15.2 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.3 | 0.09 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.4 | 0.63 |
| No | 14/148 | 9.5 | 1 | |||||
a Excluded female participants
b Other includes spoon, cotton or cleaning agent