Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants.
| Macau (n = 928) | Hong Kong (n = 446) | Mainland China (n = 938) |
Whole sample (n = 2,312) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Male | 230 | 24.8 | 135 | 30.3 | 227 | 24.2 | 592 | 25.6 |
| Only child in family | 593 | 63.9 | 311 | 69.7 | 391 | 41.7 | 1,295 | 56.0 |
| Grade | ||||||||
| First | 454 | 48.9 | 28 | 6.3 | 274 | 29.2 | 756 | 32.7 |
| Second | 157 | 16.9 | 122 | 27.3 | 281 | 30.0 | 560 | 24.2 |
| Third | 157 | 16.9 | 86 | 19.3 | 272 | 29.0 | 515 | 22.3 |
| Fourth and above | 160 | 17.2 | 210 | 47.1 | 111 | 11.8 | 481 | 20.8 |
| Nursing students | 246 | 26.5 | 0 | 0 | 232 | 24.7 | 478 | 20.7 |
| Interest in academic major | ||||||||
| Fair or dislike | 382 | 41.2 | 318 | 71.3 | 507 | 54.1 | 1,207 | 52.2 |
| Like | 546 | 58.8 | 128 | 28.7 | 431 | 45.9 | 1,105 | 47.8 |
| Academic pressure | ||||||||
| Little or no pressure | 647 | 69.7 | 358 | 80.3 | 700 | 74.6 | 1,705 | 73.7 |
| High pressure | 281 | 30.3 | 88 | 19.7 | 238 | 25.4 | 607 | 26.3 |
| Academic performance (point) | ||||||||
| 85–100 | 131 | 14.1 | 21 | 4.7 | 319 | 34.0 | 471 | 20.3 |
| 75–84 | 349 | 37.6 | 183 | 41.0 | 407 | 43.4 | 939 | 40.6 |
| 66–74 | 287 | 30.9 | 180 | 40.4 | 154 | 16.4 | 621 | 26.9 |
| <65 | 161 | 17.4 | 62 | 13.9 | 58 | 6.2 | 281 | 12.2 |
| Perspective on future | ||||||||
| Fair or pessimistic | 502 | 54.1 | 390 | 87.4 | 553 | 59.0 | 1,445 | 62.5 |
| Optimistic | 426 | 45.9 | 56 | 12.6 | 385 | 41.0 | 867 | 37.5 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age (years) | 19.7 | 1.6 | 21.2 | 1.6 | 20.3 | 1.4 | 20.3 | 1.6 |
| MPAS score | 33.6 | 10.6 | 34.4 | 10.4 | 29.7 | 11.1 | 32.2 | 11.0 |
| Actual sleep hours | 6.46 | 1.24 | 6.46 | 1.4 | 6.75 | 1.04 | 6.58 | 1.2 |
Note:
BMI, body mass index; MPAS, mobile phone addiction scale; QOL, quality of life.