Fig 1. Means of correct word onsets (e.g., /t/ in “Tanz”) depending on previous verbal cues (from left to right): No prompts (e.g., /tants/), schwa-syllable prompts (e.g., /əː/-/tants/), stereotyped prompts (e.g., /guː/-/tants/, derived from formulaic phrase “Guten Morgen”), unstereotyped prompts (e.g., /muː/-/tants/, derived from non-formulaic control word “Mutig”), communicative-pragmatic prompts (e.g., /guː/-/tants/, produced immediately after the experimenter uses the underlying phrase “Guten Morgen” in a conversational context), and motor-active prompts (e.g., /guː/-/tants/, produced immediately after the patient repeatedly uses the underlying phrase “Guten Morgen” as articulatory priming).

Verbal cues originate either from formulaic expressions (shown in red) or from non-formulaic control words (shown in blue; for an overview of all experimental conditions, see Table 3). Statistical analyses revealed significant gains in correct word onsets after verbal cues with distinct features of formulaicity (stereotyped and communicative-pragmatic prompts), as well as after articulatory priming (motor-active prompts; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). Error bars refer to 95%-confidence intervals.