TABLE 1. Industries with five or more asthma-COPD overlap deaths* among decedents aged ≥25 years, by sex and age group — 26 states,† 1999, 2003, 2004, and 2007–2014.
| Industry | Decedents aged 25–64 yrs |
Decedents aged ≥65 yrs |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths | PMR§ (95% CI) | Deaths | PMR§ (95% CI) | |
|
Male
| ||||
| Computer and electronic products¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
10 |
2.58 (1.24–4.74)** |
| Lumber, wood products, and furniture¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
12 |
2.53 (1.30–4.41)** |
| Sawmills and wood preservation†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
3.57 (1.16–8.34)** |
| Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
66 |
1.82 (1.42–2.33)** |
| Logging†† |
N/A |
N/A |
11 |
4.82 (2.41–8.62)** |
| Animal production†† |
N/A |
N/A |
16 |
1.63 (0.93–2.65) |
| Crop production†† |
N/A |
N/A |
35 |
1.59 (1.10–2.21)** |
| Broadcasting and telecommunications¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
11 |
1.40 (0.70–2.50) |
| Wired telecommunications carriers†† |
N/A |
N/A |
8 |
1.51 (0.65–2.97) |
| Personal and laundry services¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
7 |
1.37 (0.55–2.82) |
| Nonmetallic mineral products¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.30 (0.42–3.04) |
| Wholesale trade¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
16 |
1.24 (0.71–2.01) |
| Groceries and related product wholesalers†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.99 (0.64–4.65) |
| Paper and printing¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
9 |
1.20 (0.55–2.29) |
| Printing and related support activities†† |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
1.56 (0.57–3.39) |
| Publishing, and motion picture and sound recording industries¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.16 (0.37–2.70) |
| Primary metal industries¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
14 |
1.09 (0.60–1.83) |
| Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing†† |
N/A |
N/A |
10 |
1.07 (0.52–1.97) |
| Utilities¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
11 |
1.03 (0.52–1.84) |
| Food, beverage, and tobacco products¶ |
10 |
2.64 (1.27–4.86)** |
12 |
1.11 (0.57–1.93) |
| Beverage manufacturing†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
3.15 (1.02–7.37)** |
| Arts, entertainment and recreation¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
0.98 (0.36–2.12) |
| Retired, unemployed, or nonpaid worker¶ |
38 |
1.71 (1.21–2.35)** |
11 |
0.94 (0.47–1.68) |
| Nonpaid worker or nonworker or own home/at home†† |
38 |
1.72 (1.22–2.36)** |
11 |
0.98 (0.49–1.75) |
| Unknown or not reported¶ |
24 |
1.50 (0.96–2.24) |
18 |
1.18 (0.70–1.86) |
| Mining¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
11 |
0.90 (0.45–1.61) |
| Oil and gas extraction†† |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
1.91 (0.70–4.16) |
| Finance and Insurance¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
13 |
0.86 (0.46–1.46) |
| Banking and related activities†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.28 (0.42–3.00) |
| Insurance carriers and related activities†† |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
0.77 (0.28–1.67) |
| Home furnishings, appliances, building materials, hardware, lawn and garden¶ |
5 |
1.49 (0.48–3.48) |
5 |
0.60 (0.19–1.40) |
| Motor vehicle and parts dealers¶ |
6 |
1.44 (0.53–3.14) |
5 |
0.58 (0.19–1.36) |
| Automobile dealers†† |
5 |
1.94 (0.63–4.53) |
N/A |
N/A |
| Repair and maintenance¶ |
16 |
1.35 (0.77–2.19) |
15 |
0.94 (0.53–1.55) |
| Automotive repair and maintenance†† |
12 |
1.36 (0.70–2.37) |
9 |
0.80 (0.37–1.51) |
| Military¶ |
5 |
1.29 (0.42–3.02) |
10 |
0.68 (0.32–1.24) |
| Other retail trade¶ |
12 |
1.24 (0.64–2.17) |
21 |
1.04 (0.64–1.59) |
| Gasoline stations†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
2.50 (0.81–5.83) |
| Not specified retail trade†† |
6 |
1.32 (0.48–2.87) |
5 |
0.67 (0.22–1.56) |
| Chemical¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
7 |
0.79 (0.32–1.63) |
| Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
0.85 (0.27–1.97) |
| Food and beverage stores¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
0.75 (0.28–1.64) |
| Construction¶ |
58 |
1.16 (0.89–1.51) |
73 |
1.08 (0.85–1.37) |
| Public administration¶ |
15 |
1.07 (0.60–1.76) |
41 |
1.00 (0.72–1.36) |
| Other general government and support†† |
5 |
0.95 (0.31–2.23) |
16 |
0.97 (0.56–1.58) |
| Justice, public order, and safety activities†† |
5 |
0.94 (0.30–2.19) |
9 |
0.73 (0.33–1.38) |
| Health care¶ |
10 |
1.05 (0.51–1.94) |
11 |
0.74 (0.37–1.32) |
| Hospitals†† |
5 |
1.17 (0.38–2.72) |
7 |
1.19 (0.48–2.46) |
| Miscellaneous manufacturing¶ |
11 |
0.90 (0.45–1.61) |
41 |
1.39 (1.00–1.89)** |
| Not specified manufacturing industries†† |
11 |
0.99 (0.50–1.77) |
38 |
1.38 (0.98–1.90) |
| Educational services¶ |
7 |
0.83 (0.33–1.71) |
22 |
0.85 (0.53–1.28) |
| Elementary and secondary schools†† |
N/A |
N/A |
17 |
0.91 (0.53–1.45) |
| Colleges and universities, including junior colleges†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
0.78 (0.25–1.81) |
| Transportation and warehousing¶ |
19 |
0.76 (0.46–1.18) |
53 |
1.01 (0.77–1.34) |
| Truck transportation†† |
15 |
1.17 (0.65–1.92) |
22 |
1.14 (0.71–1.72) |
| Water transportation†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
2.73 (0.88–6.38) |
| Postal service†† |
N/A |
N/A |
8 |
0.92 (0.40–1.81) |
| Professional, scientific, technical and management services¶ |
6 |
0.62 (0.23–1.35) |
15 |
0.72 (0.40–1.18) |
| Machinery¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
0.72 (0.26–1.56) |
| Accommodation and food services¶ |
8 |
0.62 (0.27–1.22) |
7 |
0.56 (0.23–1.16) |
| Restaurants and other food services†† |
7 |
0.69 (0.28–1.42) |
5 |
0.56 (0.18–1.32) |
| Administrative and support, and waste management services¶ |
7 |
0.58 (0.23–1.20) |
10 |
0.87 (0.42–1.60) |
| Transportation equipment¶ |
6 |
0.54 (0.20–1.18) |
17 |
0.48 (0.28–0.76) |
| Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing†† |
5 |
0.62 (0.20–1.45) |
14 |
0.57 (0.31–0.95) |
| All other industries¶ |
51 |
N/A |
22 |
N/A |
|
Female
| ||||
| Retired, unemployed, or nonpaid worker¶ |
192 |
1.40 (1.21–1.62)** |
532 |
1.06 (0.97–1.15) |
| Nonpaid worker or nonworker or own home/at home†† |
192 |
1.40 (1.22–1.62)** |
529 |
1.05 (0.96–1.15) |
| Private households¶ |
8 |
1.34 (0.58–2.63) |
24 |
1.69 (1.08–2.51)** |
| Home furnishings, appliances, building materials, hardware, lawn and garden¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
10 |
1.69 (0.81–3.11) |
| Furniture and home furnishings stores†† |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
2.99 (1.10–6.52)** |
| Machinery¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.53 (0.49–3.57) |
| Food, beverage, and tobacco products¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
14 |
1.25 (0.68–2.09) |
| Not specified food industries†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
3.72 (1.20–8.68)** |
| Paper and printing¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
7 |
1.21 (0.49–2.50) |
| Utilities¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.14 (0.37–2.66) |
| Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
11 |
1.13 (0.57–2.02) |
| Crop production†† |
N/A |
N/A |
7 |
1.14 (0.46–2.36) |
| Textile mill, apparel and other finished textile products¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
26 |
1.13 (0.74–1.65) |
| Cut and sew apparel manufacturing†† |
N/A |
N/A |
16 |
1.14 (0.65–1.84) |
| Fabric mills, except knitting†† |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
0.91 (0.33–1.99) |
| Electrical equipment, appliances, and components¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.08 (0.35–2.51) |
| Publishing, and motion picture and sound recording industries¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
1.01 (0.37–2.19) |
| Administrative and support, and waste management services¶ |
13 |
1.25 (0.66–2.13) |
12 |
0.72 (0.37–1.26) |
| Business support services†† |
5 |
1.88 (0.61–4.39) |
5 |
0.86 (0.28–2.01) |
| Arts, entertainment and recreation¶ |
6 |
1.10 (0.40–2.40) |
6 |
0.65 (0.24–1.41) |
| Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries†† |
5 |
2.24 (0.73–5.24) |
N/A |
N/A |
| Unknown or not reported¶ |
16 |
1.09 (0.63–1.78) |
19 |
0.90 (0.54–1.41) |
| Broadcasting and telecommunications¶ |
5 |
1.09 (0.35–2.54) |
13 |
0.92 (0.49–1.57) |
| Wired telecommunications carriers†† |
N/A |
N/A |
10 |
0.92 (0.44–1.68) |
| Transportation equipment¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
15 |
0.87 (0.49–1.44) |
| Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing†† |
N/A |
N/A |
10 |
0.86 (0.42–1.59) |
| Chemical¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
0.82 (0.26–1.91) |
| Food and beverage stores¶ |
6 |
1.00 (0.37–2.18) |
19 |
1.34 (0.81–2.10) |
| Grocery stores†† |
6 |
1.09 (0.40–2.36) |
15 |
1.19 (0.67–1.97) |
| Other retail trade¶ |
22 |
0.97 (0.61–1.47) |
50 |
0.77 (0.57–1.01) |
| Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
0.87 (0.28–2.04) |
| Department stores†† |
N/A |
N/A |
8 |
0.85 (0.37–1.68) |
| Not specified retail trade†† |
12 |
0.99 (0.51–1.73) |
19 |
0.60 (0.36–0.94) |
| Health care¶ |
62 |
0.97 (0.75–1.26) |
114 |
0.99 (0.82–1.20) |
| Outpatient care centers†† |
11 |
0.91 (0.45–1.63) |
22 |
1.06 (0.66–1.60) |
| Other health care services†† |
9 |
1.40 (0.64–2.66) |
10 |
1.04 (0.50–1.92) |
| Hospitals†† |
26 |
0.96 (0.63–1.41) |
59 |
1.00 (0.77–1.30) |
| Nursing care facilities†† |
9 |
1.15 (0.53–2.19) |
10 |
0.92 (0.44–1.69) |
| Miscellaneous manufacturing¶ |
10 |
0.95 (0.46–1.75) |
41 |
1.25 (0.90–1.70) |
| Not specified manufacturing industries†† |
9 |
0.98 (0.45–1.86) |
37 |
1.26 (0.89–1.73) |
| Real estate and rental leasing¶ |
5 |
0.93 (0.30–2.18) |
13 |
0.97 (0.52–1.67) |
| Real estate†† |
5 |
0.98 (0.32–2.28) |
13 |
0.99 (0.53–1.70) |
| Transportation and warehousing¶ |
9 |
0.87 (0.40–1.64) |
14 |
0.81 (0.44–1.36) |
| Truck transportation†† |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
1.91 (0.70–4.16) |
| Postal service†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.06 (0.34–2.47) |
| Social assistance¶ |
7 |
0.83 (0.33–1.70) |
8 |
0.78 (0.33–1.53) |
| Accommodation and food services¶ |
22 |
0.82 (0.51–1.24) |
58 |
1.17 (0.90–1.52) |
| Restaurants and other food services†† |
15 |
0.72 (0.40–1.18) |
51 |
1.27 (0.96–1.69) |
| Traveler accommodation†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
0.69 (0.22–1.61) |
| Personal and laundry services¶ |
7 |
0.81 (0.33–1.67) |
23 |
1.12 (0.71–1.68) |
| Beauty salons†† |
7 |
1.24 (0.50–2.55) |
14 |
1.04 (0.57–1.74) |
| Drycleaning and laundry services†† |
N/A |
N/A |
7 |
1.47 (0.59–3.03) |
| Professional, scientific, technical and management services¶ |
12 |
0.80 (0.41–1.39) |
24 |
0.88 (0.56–1.30) |
| Legal services†† |
N/A |
N/A |
8 |
1.19 (0.51–2.33) |
| Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping and payroll services†† |
5 |
1.31 (0.42–3.05) |
7 |
0.75 (0.30–1.54) |
| Public administration¶ |
13 |
0.74 (0.39–1.27) |
49 |
1.09 (0.81–1.45) |
| National security and international affairs†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.44 (0.47–3.36) |
| Administration of human resource programs†† |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
1.38 (0.45–3.22) |
| Justice, public order, and safety activities†† |
N/A |
N/A |
6 |
0.87 (0.32–1.89) |
| Other general government and support†† |
8 |
1.04 (0.45–2.05) |
26 |
1.09 (0.71–1.60) |
| Finance and insurance¶ |
9 |
0.62 (0.29–1.18) |
28 |
0.79 (0.53–1.15) |
| Insurance carriers and related activities†† |
5 |
0.85 (0.28–2.00) |
8 |
0.60 (0.26–1.19) |
| Banking and related activities†† |
N/A |
N/A |
14 |
0.87 (0.47–1.46) |
| Educational services¶ |
19 |
0.61 (0.37–0.96) |
86 |
0.87 (0.70–1.08) |
| Elementary and secondary schools†† |
18 |
0.68 (0.40–1.07) |
69 |
0.80 (0.62–1.01) |
| Colleges and universities, including junior colleges†† |
N/A |
N/A |
16 |
1.71 (0.98–2.78) |
| Wholesale trade¶ |
N/A |
N/A |
5 |
0.75 (0.24–1.75) |
| All other industries¶ | 27 | N/A | 37 | N/A |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; N/A = not applicable; PMR = proportionate mortality ratio.
* Decedents with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes for asthma: J45.0 (predominantly allergic asthma), J45.1 (nonallergic asthma), J45.8 (mixed asthma), J45.9 (asthma, unspecified), J46 (status asthmaticus); and COPD: J40 (bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic), J41.0 (simple chronic bronchitis), J41.1 (mucopurulent chronic bronchitis), J41.8 (mixed simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis), J42 (unspecified chronic bronchitis), J43.0 (MacLeod's syndrome), J43.1 (panlobular emphysema), J43.2 (centrilobular emphysema), J43.8 (other emphysema), J43.9 (emphysema, unspecified), J44.0 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute lower respiratory infection), J44.1 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute exacerbation, unspecified), J44.8 (other specified chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), J44.9 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified) assigned as the underlying cause of death (i.e., the disease or injury which initiated the chain of morbid events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury) or as a contributing cause of death.
† Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
§ PMR was defined as the observed number of deaths from asthma-COPD overlap in a specified industry or occupation, divided by the expected number of deaths from asthma-COPD overlap. The expected number of deaths was the total number of deaths in industry or occupation of interest multiplied by a proportion defined as the number of asthma-COPD overlap deaths in all industries or occupations, divided by the total number of deaths in all industries or occupations. The asthma-COPD overlap PMRs were internally adjusted by 5-year age groups, sex, and race. CIs were calculated assuming Poisson distribution of the data. A PMR >1.0 indicates that there were more deaths associated with the condition in a specified occupation or industry than expected; a PMR <1.0 indicates that there were fewer deaths associated with the condition in a specified occupation or industry than expected.
¶ U.S. Census 2000 Industry Classification System two-digit industries with five or more deaths.
** Statistically significantly elevated PMR.
†† U.S. Census 2000 Industry Classification System three-digit industry groups with five or more deaths.