Table 1.

Association Between Homelessness and Health Care Indicators in Patients Hospitalized for Influenza

	Outcome, n	Crude rate (%)	Adjusted rate ratio	95% CI	P values
Hospitalization through ED
Homeless	1218	94.2	1.09	1.04, 1.14	< 0.001
Non-homeless	16,162	86.6	Reference
Mechanical ventilation use, including non-invasive and invasive
Homeless	172	13.3	1.58	1.03, 2.43	0.04
Non-homeless	1884	10.1	Reference
In-hospital death
Homeless	18	1.4	1.03	0.63, 1.69	0.91
Non-homeless	465	2.5	Reference

CI confidence interval. A Poisson regression was applied with the hospital-level clustered standard errors. Adjusted models included age [5-year intervals], sex, race/ethnicity [non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and others], primary payer [Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, self-pay, and others], and indicator variables for 29 comorbidities included in Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. Of the total 20,078 inpatients, we analyzed 19,951 (99.4%) inpatients without missing key variables. Two-tailed P values below 0.05 were interpreted as statistically significant. We used Stata version 15 (StataCorp., 2017)