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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Trauma. 2019 Dec 5;14(5):883–893. doi: 10.1037/tra0000525

Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

PTSD Groupa no-PTSD Group
n = 80
 n = 68
M or SD or M or SD or Test
n % n %
Demographics
 Age (years) 53.14 10.80 53.63 9.45 U = 2700.5
 Female 10 12.5 6 8.8 χ2(1) = 0.52
 Race χ2(3) = 9.21*
  Caucasian 35 43.8 41 60.3
  African-American 18 22.5 8 11.8
  Asian/Pacific Islander 6 7.5 10 14.7
  Multi-Racial/Other 21 26.3 9 13.2
 Married/Living with Partner 30 38.0 25 36.8 χ2(1) = 0.02
 Military Veteran 80 100 47 69.1 χ2(1) = 28.79***
 OEF/OIF Veteran 13 22.8 3 6.4 χ2(1) = 2.08
 VA compensation for PTSD:
  Receiving, pending, or planning to apply 55 69.6 0 0 —
 Current mental health treatment χ2(2) = 22.40***
  Outpatient 41 54.7 13 19.1
  Domiciliary 8 10.7 4 5.9
  None 26 34.7 9 72.1
Trauma and Clinical Characteristics
 Trauma Exposed 80 100 31 45.6 χ2(1) = 58.04***
 Current PTSD 68 85.0 0 0 —
 Index Trauma χ2(3) = 27.49***
  Combat 36 45.0 1 3.2
  Physical Assault (non-combat) 12 15.0 7 22.6
  Sexual Assault 16 20.0 3 9.7
  Other 16 20.0 20 29.4
 Years since Traumatic Event 27.32 16.10 22.31 17.03 U = 1002.5
 CAPS total 69.78 24.30 10.85 11.32 U = 52.0***
 CAPS hyperarousal 24.46 6.76 5.21 4.81 U = 55.5***
 Baseline respiration (3 mins quiet sitting in laboratory)
  End-tidal PCO2 (mmHg) 38.42 4.01 37.13 4.54 t(142) = 1.81
  Respiration rate (breaths per min) 16.23 4.00 14.76 4.43 t(141) = 2.07*
 Sleep qualityb 11.77 4.02 6.07 4.01 U = 602.0***
 PTSD-specific sleep qualityb 7.85 5.22 0.74 1.05 U = 193.0***
 Reported Sleep Apnea diagnosis 24.0 30.8 10.0 14.7 χ2(1) = 5.04*
 Beck Depression Inventory-II 20.08 11.16 5.80 6.84 U = 584.0***
 Beck Anxiety Index 22.00 14.52 3.90 6.43 U = 598.5***
 Aggression Questionnaire 79.93 22.05 55.20 16.73 U = 977.0***
 Reported mild Traumatic Brain Injury 38 49.4 9 13.2 χ2(1) = 9.63**
 Major Depressive Disorder diagnosis 17 21.3 3 4.4 χ2(1) = 5.70*
 Past Alcohol or Substance Use Disorder diagnosis 59 73.8 32 47.1 χ2(1) = 2.27

Note. ES = effect size; OEF/OIF = Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; PCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; mmHg = millimeters of mercury. Group differences analyzed with Student’s t-test for normally distributed data, Mann-Whitney U test for not normally distributed data, or chi-squared test for categorical data. Due to missing data, subjects in specific comparisons varied from 66 – 80 in PTSD group and 61 – 68 in no-PTSD group.

a

Group differences reported between combined PTSD group (Immediate treatment + Waitlist, n = 80) and no-PTSD group. There were no significant demographic or clinical differences between the Immediate treatment and Waitlist PTSD groups.

b

Five no-PTSD and four PTSD participants reporting untreated sleep apnea were excluded from sleep analyses.

*

p ≤ .05

**

p ≤ .01

***

p ≤ .001.