Table 3.
Immediate Treatment |
Waitlist (Delayed Treatment) |
Treatment Effect |
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Within Group | Within Group | Group*Time | Between | |||||||||
Time 1 to Time 2 | Time 1 to Time 2 | Groups | ||||||||||
(Time 2) | ||||||||||||
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Est. | SE | 95% CI | d a | Est. | SE | 95% CI | d a | Est. | SE | 95% CI | d a | |
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Respiration measures: | ||||||||||||
End-tidal pCO2 (mmHg) | 14.93 | 8.42 | −2.89, −1.05 | 0.22 | −1.01 | 0.92 | −2.85, 0.83 | 0.20 | −0.09 | 1.25 | 2.57, 2.39 | 0.04 |
Respiration rate (breaths per min)a | −5.55*** | 0.74 | −7.03, −4.07 | 1.40 | 0.47 | 0.69 | −0.92, 1.85 | 0.11 | 6.01*** | 0.97 | 4.09, 7.94 | 1.56 |
CAPS total | −5.77 | 3.18 | −12.15, 0.60 | 0.25 | −4.98 | 2.95 | −10.89, −0.59 | 0.20 | 0.79 | 4.26 | −7.74, 9.31 | 0.00 |
CAPS hyperarousal | −1.99 | 1.09 | −4.18, 0.18 | 0.27 | −3.61** | 1.01 | −5.64, 1.59 | 0.51 | −1.61 | 1.45 | 4.51, 1.28 | 0.17 |
Beck Depression Inventory | 0.09 | 1.76 | −3.44, 3.62 | 0.01 | −2.26 | 1.58 | −5.43, 0.91 | 0.19 | −2.35 | 2.32 | −6.99, 2.29 | 0.23 |
Aggression Questionnaire | −1.55 | 4.03 | −4.61, 6.51 | 0.09 | −4.10 | 3.52 | −11.16, 2.95 | 0.17 | −2.55 | 5.16 | −12.86, 7.54 | 0.18 |
Sleep measuresb: | ||||||||||||
Sleep quality | −1.26 | 0.77 | −2.82, 0.30 | 0.26 | −0.08 | 0.67 | −1.44, 1.27 | 0.08 | 1.17 | 0.99 | −0.82, 3.16 | 0.60 |
PTSD-specific sleep quality | −0.66 | 0.95 | −2.56, 1.23 | 0.12 | −2.64** | 0.83 | −4.31, −0.98 | 0.54 | −1.98 | 1.21 | −4.41, 0.44 | 0.38 |
Self-reported sleep onset latencyc (mins) | −18.61** | 7.01 | −32.56, −4.65 | 0.58 | −1.91 | 6.10 | −14.09, 10.27 | 0.07 | 16.70 | 8.76 | −0.72, 34.11 | 0.56 |
Self-reported total sleep timec (hours) | 0.06 | 0.33 | −0.61, 0.73 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.29 | −0.50, 0.66 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.42 | −0.82, 0.86 | 0.16 |
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Note: Est. = estimate of fixed effect; SE = standard error; CI = confidence interval; pCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; mmHg = millimeters of mercury; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale.
Effect sizes calculated on estimated marginal means and pooled variance within group at both time points, and between group at Time 2.
Three Immediate treatment and One Waitlist subject were excluded from sleep analyses due to reported untreated sleep apnea.
Derived from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
p ≤ .05
p ≤ .01
p ≤ .001.