Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Trauma. 2019 Dec 5;14(5):883–893. doi: 10.1037/tra0000525

Table 3.

Mixed Modeling Effects of Immediate Treatment versus Waitlist Groups from Baseline (Time 1) to First Follow-up (Time 2)

Immediate Treatment
Waitlist (Delayed Treatment)
Treatment Effect
Within Group Within Group Group*Time Between
Time 1 to Time 2 Time 1 to Time 2 Groups
(Time 2)



Est. SE 95% CI d a Est. SE 95% CI d a Est. SE 95% CI d a



Respiration measures:
 End-tidal pCO2 (mmHg) 14.93 8.42 −2.89, −1.05 0.22 −1.01 0.92 −2.85, 0.83 0.20 −0.09 1.25 2.57, 2.39 0.04
 Respiration rate (breaths per min)a −5.55*** 0.74 −7.03, −4.07 1.40 0.47 0.69 −0.92, 1.85 0.11 6.01*** 0.97 4.09, 7.94 1.56
CAPS total −5.77 3.18 −12.15, 0.60 0.25 −4.98 2.95 −10.89, −0.59 0.20 0.79 4.26 −7.74, 9.31 0.00
CAPS hyperarousal −1.99 1.09 −4.18, 0.18 0.27 −3.61** 1.01 −5.64, 1.59 0.51 −1.61 1.45 4.51, 1.28 0.17
Beck Depression Inventory 0.09 1.76 −3.44, 3.62 0.01 −2.26 1.58 −5.43, 0.91 0.19 −2.35 2.32 −6.99, 2.29 0.23
Aggression Questionnaire −1.55 4.03 −4.61, 6.51 0.09 −4.10 3.52 −11.16, 2.95 0.17 −2.55 5.16 −12.86, 7.54 0.18
Sleep measuresb:
 Sleep quality −1.26 0.77 −2.82, 0.30 0.26 −0.08 0.67 −1.44, 1.27 0.08 1.17 0.99 −0.82, 3.16 0.60
 PTSD-specific sleep quality −0.66 0.95 −2.56, 1.23 0.12 −2.64** 0.83 −4.31, −0.98 0.54 −1.98 1.21 −4.41, 0.44 0.38
 Self-reported sleep onset latencyc (mins) −18.61** 7.01 −32.56, −4.65 0.58 −1.91 6.10 −14.09, 10.27 0.07 16.70 8.76 −0.72, 34.11 0.56
 Self-reported total sleep timec (hours) 0.06 0.33 −0.61, 0.73 0.04 0.08 0.29 −0.50, 0.66 0.13 0.02 0.42 −0.82, 0.86 0.16

Note: Est. = estimate of fixed effect; SE = standard error; CI = confidence interval; pCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; mmHg = millimeters of mercury; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale.

a

Effect sizes calculated on estimated marginal means and pooled variance within group at both time points, and between group at Time 2.

b

Three Immediate treatment and One Waitlist subject were excluded from sleep analyses due to reported untreated sleep apnea.

c

Derived from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

*

p ≤ .05

**

p ≤ .01

***

p ≤ .001.