Table 1.
Bivariate analysis of characteristics of Pre-Hospital and In-Hospital Deaths
| Overall (n=2,007) | Pre-hospital Death (n=1,130, 56.3%) | In-hospital Death (n=877, 43.7%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male Sex: n (%) | 1715 (85.6) | 985 (87.5) | 730 (83.2) | 0.007 |
| Age: mean (Sd) | 35.2 (13.8) | 33.5 (12.1) | 37.4 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Injury Setting: n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Road | 1214 (62.6) | 650 (59.4) | 564 (66.8) | |
| Home | 402 (20.7) | 229 (20.9) | 173 (20.5) | |
| Public Space | 131 (6.8) | 96 (8.8) | 35 (4.1) | |
| Work | 64 (3.3) | 28 (2.6) | 36 (4.3) | |
| Other | 128 (6.6) | 91 (8.3) | 37 (4.4) | |
| Transport: n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Police | 793 (40.3) | 663 (60.1) | 130 (15.0) | |
| Private Vehicle | 526 (26.7) | 282 (25.6) | 244 (28.1) | |
| Ambulance‡ | 483 (24.5) | 82 (7.4) | 401 (46.4) | |
| Minibus | 97 (4.9) | 35 (3.2) | 62 (7.2) | |
| Other | 69 (3.5) | 41 (3.7) | 28 (3.2) | |
| Transferred: n (%) | 504 (25.5) | 83 (7.5) | 421 (48.2) | <0.001 |
| Injury Intent: n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Unintentional | 1413 (71.6) | 737 (66.8) | 676 (77.7) | |
| Assault | 499 (25.3) | 310 (28.1) | 189 (21.7) | |
| Self-Inflicted | 62 (3.1) | 57 (5.2) | 5 (0.6) | |
| Injury Mechanism: n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Assault | 433 (23.4) | 255 (24.7) | 178 (21.8) | |
| Motor Vehicle Collision | 361 (19.5) | 188 (18.2) | 173 (21.2) | |
| Pedestrian vs. Vehicle | 309 (16.7) | 167 (16.2) | 142 (17.4) | |
| Bike Injury | 199 (10.8) | 83 (8.0) | 116 (14.2) | |
| Burn | 161 (8.7) | 67 (6.5) | 94 (6.3) | |
| Gun Shot Wound | 89 (4.8) | 77 (7.5) | 12 (1.5) | |
| Fall | 73 (4.0) | 22 (2.1) | 51 (6.3) | |
| Hanging | 72 (3.9) | 72 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 151 (8.2) | 102 (9.9) | 49 (6.0) | |
| Primary Injury Location: n (%) | ||||
| Head/Spine | 1363 (69.3) | 773 (70.8) | 590 (67.4) | 0.1 |
| Chest | 102 (5.2) | 64 (5.9) | 38 (4.3) | 0.1 |
| Abdomen/Pelvis | 173 (8.8) | 89 (8.2) | 84 (9.6) | 0.3 |
| Extremities | 268 (13.6) | 107 (9.8) | 161 (18.4) | <0.001 |
| Other | 62 (3.2) | 59 (5.4) | 3 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Injury Type: n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Head Injury | 980 (49.4) | 545 (49.2) | 435 (49.7) | |
| Fracture | 227 (11.4) | 85 (7.7) | 142 (16.2) | |
| Laceration | 144 (7.3) | 80 (7.2) | 64 (7.3) | |
| Burn | 131 (6.6) | 39 (3.5) | 92 (10.5) | |
| Injury to Internal Organ | 82 (4.1) | 40 (3.6) | 42 (4.8) | |
| Gun Shot Wound | 80 (4.0) | 70 (6.3) | 10 (1.1) | |
| Contusion | 79 (4.0) | 56 (5.1) | 3 (2.6) | |
| Penetrating Wound | 75 (3.8) | 47 (4.2) | 28 (3.2) | |
| Other | 186 (9.4) | 146 (13.2) | 40 (4.6) | |
| Arrival Glasgow Coma Score: median (IQR) | 3 (3 – 15) | 3 (3 – 3) | 15 (7 – 15) | <0.001 |
|
Time from Injury to Arrival (days): median (IQR) |
0 (0 – 0) | 0 (0 – 0) | 0 (0 – 1) | <0.001 |
| Arrival Time of Day: n (%) | 1.0 | |||
| Day (6 AM – 6 PM) | 1028 (450 (51.7) | 450 (51.7) | 578 (51.8) | |
| Night (6 PM – 6 AM) | 960 (48.3) | 421 (48.3) | 539 (48.2 |
‡
Majority of IHD were transferred from outside hospitals by ambulance