Table 1.

Association of HMGB proteins with cancer outcome.

Protein	Cancer outcome	DNA damage processing modulation	Ref.
HMGB1	• Gastric cancer • Hepatocellular cancer • HNSCC • Nasopharyngeal cancer • Colorectal cancer • ESCC • Mesothelioma • Bladder cancer • Prostate cancer • Cervical cancer • Ovarian cancer • NSCLC	• Promotes error-free repair via NER • Binds with high affinity to chemotherapeutic DNA lesions • Positive cooperative binding with NER damage recognition proteins on DNA lesions • Assists in recruitment of XPA to damaged DNA • Introduces negative supercoiling preferentially to damaged DNA • HMGB1 depletion increases sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents • HMGB1 depletion results in increased DSBs	27–31 54–64 84–105
HMGB2	• HNSCC • Breast cancer • Colorectal cancer • Ovarian cancer • Gastric cancer	• Increases γ-H2AX foci formation after damage, and delays repair	33–38
HMGB3	• Ovarian cancer • NSCLC • Colorectal cancer • Gastric cancer • ESCC • Urinary bladder cancer	• HMGB3 depletion downregulates the ATR/CHK1 signaling pathway	39 – 46

HNSCC = Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, NSCLC = Non-small cell lung cancer, ESCC = Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma