Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Characteristic | All | Serum uric acid level (mg/dL) |
P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <4.4 | 4.4–5.3 | 5.3–6.2 | 6.2–7.3 | >7.3 | |||
| Total | 7,511 | 1,475 (19.6) | 1,476 (19.7) | 1,643 (21.9) | 1,310 (17.4) | 1,607 (21.4) | |
| Age (y) | 61.7±10.9 | 58.5±11.2 | 60.6±10.9 | 62.3±10.4 | 62.6±10.9 | 64.2±10.5 | <0.001 |
| Male gender | 2,671 (35.6, 0.6) | 284 (19.3, 1.0) | 394 (26.7, 1.2) | 630 (38.3, 1.2) | 567 (43.3, 1.4) | 796 (49.5, 1.2) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.7±4.6 | 25.1±4.5 | 25.8±4.7 | 25.6±4.3 | 25.8±4.6 | 25.9±4.9 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 391 (5.5, 0.5) | 52 (3.7, 0.5) | 73 (5.2, 0.6) | 98 (6.3, 0.6) | 76 (6.1, 0.7) | 92 (6.0, 0.6) | 0.01 |
| Duration of T2DM (y) | 7.4±4.6 | 7.0±4.3 | 7.2±4.5 | 7.4±4.6 | 7.7±4.8 | 7.7±4.6 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 226 (3.0, 0.2) | 37 (2.5, 0.4) | 41 (2.8, 0.3) | 39 (2.4, 0.4) | 33 (2.5, 0.4) | 76 (4.7, 0.5) | <0.001 |
| Serum uric acid level (mg/dL) | 5.7 (±19.6) | 3.7 (±4.2) | 4.8 (±0.8) | 5.8 (±0.9) | 6.7 (±0.9) | 8.2 (±12.4) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 67.6±26.6 | 80.2±24.5 | 74.5±24.4 | 68.7±25.1 | 63.0±25.4 | 52.2±24.4 | <0.001 |
| FPG level (mg/dL) | 151.9±54.9 | 164.1±61.6 | 148.8±48.2 | 152.2±54.8 | 147.4±50.2 | 146.9±56.2 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity and complication | |||||||
| Hypertension | 6,113 (81.4, 0.4) | 1,061 (71.9, 1.2) | 1,133 (76.8, 1.1) | 1,344 (81.8, 0.9) | 1,133 (86.5, 0.9) | 1,442 (89.7, 0.7) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 5,355 (71.3, 0.5) | 1,008 (68.3, 1.2) | 1,077 (73.0, 1.2) | 1,181 (71.9, 1.1) | 959 (73.2, 1.2) | 1,130 (70.3, 1.1) | 0.02 |
| Coronary artery disease | 388 (5.2, 0.2) | 50 (3.4, 0.5) | 59 (4.0, 0.5) | 101 (6.1, 0.6) | 73 (5.6, 0.6) | 105 (6.5, 0.6) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 250 (3.3, 0.2) | 43 (2.9, 0.4) | 32 (2.2, 0.4) | 59 (3.6, 0.5) | 49 (3.7, 0.5) | 67 (4.2, 0.5) | 0.02 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 587 (7.8, 0.3) | 91 (6.2, 0.6) | 102 (6.9, 0.7) | 137 (8.3, 0.7) | 106 (8.1, 0.8) | 151 (9.4, 0.7) | <0.01 |
| Medications | |||||||
| Insulin | 1,625 (21.6, 0.5) | 311 (21.1, 1.1) | 245 (16.6, 1.0) | 323 (19.7, 1.0) | 295 (22.5, 1.2) | 451 (28.1, 1.1) | <0.001 |
| RAAS blockade | 4,245 (56.5, 0.6) | 770 (52.2, 1.3) | 827 (56.0, 1.3) | 948 (57.7, 1.2) | 801 (61.1, 1.3) | 899 (55.9, 1.2) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet | 4,433 (59.0, 0.6) | 806 (54.6, 1.3) | 822 (55.7, 1.3) | 985 (60.0, 1.2) | 810 (61.8, 1.3) | 1,010 (62.9, 1.2) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 4,641 (61.8, 0.6) | 911 (61.8, 1.3) | 930 (63.0, 1.3) | 1,037 (63.1, 1.2) | 818 (62.4, 1.3) | 945 (58.8, 1.2) | 0.08 |
Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, number (%, standard error), or median (±interquartile range).
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; RAAS blockade, renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockade.