Table 2.
HRs (95% CI) for the development of dementia according to severity of visual impairments.
| Number | Dementia | Duration | IR per 1000 | HR (95% C.I.) | AD | Duration | IR per 1000 | HR (95% C.I.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
| Visual loss | |||||||||||
| No | 5,999,693 | 163,077 | 34,517,933.23 | 4.7244 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | 121,857 | 34,517,933.23 | 3.53025 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) |
| Yes | 29,964 | 2,216 | 166,914.84 | 13.2762 | 1.376(1.32,1.435) | 1.346(1.29,1.403) | 1,640 | 166,914.84 | 9.82537 | 1.356(1.291,1.424) | 1.328(1.265,1.394) |
| Visual impairment | |||||||||||
| <0.1 | 265,425 | 25,687 | 1,449,964.98 | 17.7156 | 1.792(1.75,1.836) | 1.747(1.705,1.789) | 19,512 | 1,449,964.98 | 13.4569 | 1.788(1.738,1.839) | 1.747(1.698,1.797) |
| <0.3 | 238,594 | 22,000 | 1,315,615.03 | 16.7222 | 1.778(1.736,1.822) | 1.739(1.698,1.782) | 16,759 | 1,315,615.03 | 12.7385 | 1.783(1.733,1.835) | 1.748(1.698,1.798) |
| <1.0 | 3,571,255 | 106,585 | 2,053,6251.49 | 5.1901 | 1.478(1.448,1.508) | 1.445(1.416,1.475) | 79,573 | 20,536,251.49 | 3.8748 | 1.503(1.467,1.54) | 1.473(1.438,1.509) |
| ≥1.0 | 1,954,383 | 11,021 | 1,138,3016.58 | 0.9682 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | 7,653 | 11,383,016.58 | 0.6723 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) |
| Visual loss grade | |||||||||||
| No loss | 5,999,693 | 163,077 | 34,517,933.23 | 4.7244 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | 121,857 | 34,517,933.23 | 3.5303 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) |
| Grade 4,5,6 | 23,868 | 1,549 | 134,111.89 | 11.5501 | 1.296(1.233,1.362) | 1.274(1.211,1.339) | 1,144 | 134,111.89 | 8.5302 | 1.279(1.207,1.356) | 1.26(1.189,1.335) |
| Grade 1,2,3 | 6,096 | 667 | 32,802.95 | 20.3335 | 1.59(1.474,1.716) | 1.535(1.423,1.657) | 496 | 32,802.95 | 15.1206 | 1.561(1.429,1.705) | 1.508(1.381,1.647) |
| Visual loss and visual impairment | |||||||||||
| Loss | 29,964 | 2,216 | 166,914.84 | 13.2762 | 2.08(1.986,2.178) | 1.991(1.902,2.085) | 1,640 | 166,914.84 | 9.8254 | 2.078(1.969,2.193) | 1.997(1.892,2.107) |
| No loss & <0.1 | 243,272 | 23,905 | 1,326,864.38 | 18.0162 | 1.77(1.728,1.814) | 1.727(1.686,1.77) | 18,172 | 1,326,864.38 | 13.6954 | 1.763(1.714,1.815) | 1.725(1.677,1.775) |
| No loss & <0.3 | 236,782 | 21,841 | 1,305,626.38 | 16.7284 | 1.773(1.73,1.817) | 1.734(1.693,1.777) | 16,646 | 1,305,626.38 | 12.7494 | 1.778(1.728,1.83) | 1.743(1.694,1.794) |
| No loss & <1.0 | 3,566,526 | 106,330 | 20,509,741.78 | 5.1844 | 1.476(1.447,1.506) | 1.444(1.415,1.473) | 79,399 | 20,509,741.78 | 3.8713 | 1.501(1.466,1.538) | 1.471(1.436,1.507) |
| No loss & ≥1.0 | 1,953,113 | 11,001 | 11,375,700.69 | 0.9671 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | 7,640 | 11,375,700.69 | 0.6716 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) |
| VD | Duration | IR per 1000 | HR (95% C.I.) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||||
| Visual loss | |||||||||||
| No | 20,495 | 34,517,933.23 | 0.59375 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | ||||||
| Yes | 273 | 166,914.84 | 1.63556 | 1.399(1.241,1.576) | 1.355(1.203,1.527) | ||||||
| Visual impairment | |||||||||||
| <0.1 | 2,905 | 1,449,964.98 | 2.0035 | 1.863(1.749,1.985) | 1.792(1.682,1.909) | ||||||
| <0.3 | 2,447 | 1,315,615.03 | 1.85997 | 1.791(1.679,1.912) | 1.734(1.625,1.85) | ||||||
| <1.0 | 13,585 | 20,536,251.49 | 0.66151 | 1.447(1.376,1.523) | 1.401(1.332,1.474) | ||||||
| ≥1.0 | 1,831 | 11,383,016.58 | 0.16085 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | ||||||
| Visual loss grade | |||||||||||
| No loss | 20,495 | 34,517,933.23 | 0.59375 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | ||||||
| Grade 4,5,6 | 201 | 134,111.89 | 1.49875 | 1.368(1.19,1.572) | 1.33(1.158,1.529) | ||||||
| Grade 1,2,3 | 72 | 32,802.95 | 2.19492 | 1.497(1.188,1.886) | 1.434(1.138,1.807) | ||||||
| Visual loss and visual impairment | |||||||||||
| Loss | 273 | 166,914.84 | 1.63556 | 2.084(1.832,2.37) | 1.957(1.721,2.225) | ||||||
| No loss & <0.1 | 2,699 | 1,326,864.38 | 2.03412 | 1.855(1.739,1.979) | 1.788(1.677,1.907) | ||||||
| No loss & <0.3 | 2,425 | 1,305,626.38 | 1.85735 | 1.788(1.675,1.908) | 1.731(1.622,1.847) | ||||||
| No loss & <1.0 | 13,545 | 20,509,741.78 | 0.66042 | 1.447(1.375,1.523) | 1.401(1.332,1.474) | ||||||
| No loss & ≥1.0 | 1,826 | 11,375,700.69 | 0.16052 | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | ||||||
NOTE. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, 3 levels of smoking and drinking, regular physical exercise, diabetes, hypertension, and lipid levels
Ref., reference. Incidence per 1,000 person-years. Bonferroni correction was used to control the overall significance level 0.05. Adjusted for age and sex. Adjusted for age, sex, smoking 3 levels, drinking 3 levels, regular physical exercise, diabetes, hypertension, and lipid levels.