Table 2.

Selected MicroRNAs Involved in Sepsis

MicroRNAs	Expression in Sepsis	Key Points of Investigation	Model (In Vitro, In Vivo, Human)	Sample Type	Sample Size	Ref.
miR-150	down	miR-150 levels in both leukocytes and plasma correlated with the severity of sepsis and could be used as a marker of early sepsis	humans	plasma, leukocytes	8	140
		plasma ratio of levels of miR-150/IL-18 could be used for assessing the severity of sepsis
miR-125b	down	polymicrobial sepsis (CLP) decreased miR-125b levels in circulation and in myocardium	mice	heart	–	231
miR-205b	down	serum miR-205b concentrations were decreased in the LPS group compared to control group, but in lungs, spleen, and liver the decrease was not significant	mice	serum, organs	–	232
miR-23a-5p	down	serum miR-23a-5p was increased after LPS injection	rats	serum, lung tissues	–	102
miR-21-3p	up	miR-21-3p controls sepsis-related cardiac dysfunction through modulating SORB	in vivo	plasma	46	233
miR-23b	down	LPS downregulates miR-23b expression in human vascular endothelial cells (VECs); upregulation of miR-23b inhibited the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)	in vitro	vascular endothelial cells	–	234
miR-375	down	miR-375 can block the JAK2-STAT3 pathway and modulate the level of miR-21 involved in the regulation of late-stage sepsis	in vivo	blood	33	235
miR-342-5p	down	–	humans	plasma, leukocytes	8	140
miR-182	down	–	humans	plasma, leukocytes	8	140
miR-146a	down	–	humans	serum	50 + 30 (SIRS)	24
miR-223	down	–	humans	serum	50 + 30 (SIRS)	24
miR-130a	down	–	humans	PBMCs	60	149
miR-31	down	miR-31 downregulation in CD4+ T cells contributes to immunosuppression in sepsis patients via promoting TH2 skewing	humans	T cells	23	236
miR-15a	down	–	humans	plasma	62	30
miR-27a	down	miR-34a, miR-15a, and miR-27a are correlated with shock development in severe sepsis patients; they also target cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell layer permeability, and inflammatory pathways	humans	plasma	62	30
miR-25	down	a correlation between levels of miR-25 and the severity of sepsis was observed; surviving patients had higher levels of this biomarker compared with non-surviving subjects; decreased levels of miR-25 were associated with the concentrations of oxidative stress indicators in sepsis	humans	blood	70 + 30 (SIRS)	28
miR-146a, miR-181a, miR-584	down	–	humans	PBMCs	32	80
miR-146a	down	miR-146a gene polymorphism rs2910164 is associated with the risk of severe sepsis	humans	PBMCs	226	237
miR-146a	down	–	humans	plasma	14 + 14 (SIRS)	238
miR-499-5p	down	–	humans	serum	166	26
miR-122	down	–	humans	serum	166	26
miR-193b	down	–	humans	serum	166	26
miR-150	down	–	humans	PBMCs	23 + 22	29
miR-342	down	–	humans	PBMCs	23 + 22	29
miR-3173-5p	down	–	humans	PBMCs	23 + 22	29
miR-181b	down	miR-181b regulates NF-κB-mediated endothelial cell activation and vascular inflammation in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli	in vitro	plasma	26 SP	139
			in vivo		36 SP + ARDS
let-7a	down	–	mice	lung	–	239
miR-129-5p	down	–	mice	lung	–	239
miR-218	down	–	mice	lung	–	239
miR-21	up	miR-21 is involved in the regulation of late sepsis	in vivo	blood	33	235
miR-155	up	miR-155 induced an elevated percentage of CD39+ regulatory T cells, leading to immunosuppression	in vivo	blood	60	97
miR-15a	up	upregulated miR-15a downregulated the LPS-induced inflammatory pathway	humans	serum	46	136
miR-16	up	upregulated miR-16 downregulated the LPS-induced inflammatory pathway	humans	serum	46	136
miR-15a	up	serum miR-15a/miR-16 levels were significantly elevated in sepsis/SIRS patients when compared to healthy controls	humans	serum	166 + 32	27
miR-16
miR-574-5p	up	serum level was correlated with the death of sepsis patients	humans	serum	142	103
		the combined analysis of miR-574-5p, SOFA scores, and the sepsis stage on the day of diagnosis provided a good predictor for sepsis prognosis
miR-297	up	serum miR-297 level was higher in survivors than non-survivors among septic patients	humans	serum	142	103
miR-223	up	–	humans	serum	166	26
miR-19a	up	–	in vitro	B cells	38 + 26 (SIRS)	240
miR-486	up	–	humans	plasma, leukocytes	8	140
miR-34a	up	–	humans	plasma	62	30
miR-145	up	–	humans	PBMCs	32	80
miR-143	up	–	humans	PBMCs	32	80
miR-182	up	–	humans	PBMCs	32	80
miR-486	up	–	humans	PBMCs	32	80
miR-1308	up	–	humans	PBMCs	32	80
miR-4772	up	–	humans	blood	23 +22	29
miR-143	up	serum miR-143 levels were significantly higher in sepsis than in SIRS and healthy controls	humans	serum	103	241
					95
miR-133a	up	there was a correlation between the levels of miR-133a and sepsis severity	humans, mice	serum	138	137
miR-4772	up	–	humans	blood	23 + 22	29
let-7d	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in whole blood after LPS injection	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-15b	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in whole blood after LPS injection	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-16	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in whole blood after LPS injection	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-25	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in whole blood after LPS injection	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-92a	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in whole blood after LPS injection	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-103	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in whole blood after LPS injection	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-107	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in whole blood after LPS injection	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-451	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in whole blood after LPS injection	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-15a	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in lung	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-16	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in lung	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-21	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in lung	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-146a	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in lung	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-155	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in lung	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-223	up	the levels of these biomarkers were elevated in lung	mice	blood, organs	–	242
miR-195	up	miR-195 was elevated in lung and liver of sepsis-induced mice	mice	lung, liver	–	7
miR-27a	up	miR-27a induces an inflammatory response in sepsis	mice	lung	–	239
miR-143	up		mice	lung	–	239
miR-153	up		mice	lung	–	239
miR-21	up	miR-21 increased in early sepsis and showed a sustained increase until late sepsis	mice	bone marrow	–	96
miR-181b	up	miR-181b increased in early sepsis and showed a sustained increase until late sepsis	mice	bone marrow	–	96
miR-16	up	miRNAs upregulated after CLP	mice	blood	–	243
miR-17	up	miRNAs upregulated after CLP	mice	blood	–	243
miR-20a/b	up	miRNAs upregulated after CLP	mice	blood	–	243
miR-26a/b	up	miRNAs upregulated after CLP	mice	blood	–	243
miR-106a/b	up	miRNAs upregulated after CLP	mice	blood	–	243
miR-195	up	miRNAs upregulated after CLP	mice	blood	–	243
miR-451	up	miRNAs upregulated after CLP	mice	blood	–	243
miR-29a	–	miR-29a induces apoptosis of monocytes via targeting STAT3 during sepsis	mice	THP-1 cells	–	101
miR-30a	–	miR-30a inhibits MD-2 expression by targeting STAT1 in human monocytes	mice	THP-1 cells	–	244
miR-146	–	the transfection of miR-146a reduces the sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction through inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory cytokine production by targeting TRAF6 and IRAK	mice	H9C2 and J774 cells	–	83
miR-150	–	reduced miR-150 serum concentrations are associated with an unfavorable outcome in patients with critical illness, independent of the presence of sepsis	humans	serum	138	42
miR-223	–	it has been found that this biomarker does not appropriate in predicting sepsis	humans, mice	serum	137	43
miR-122	–	serum miR-122 levels correlated with short-term mortality in sepsis patients and are a potential biomarker for sepsis and ARDS	humans	serum	232	104
miR-15a	–	the expression levels of miR-193b, miR-122, miR-483-5p, and miR-15a in the sepsis non-survivors were significantly higher than those in the sepsis survivors, and the levels of miR-223 and miR-16 were significantly lower	humans	serum	214	245
miR-16
miR-122
miR-193b
miR-483-5p
miR-223