Table 3.
Exosomes and Their Cargos in Sepsis
| Cargo | Detection Methods | Model | Note | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein (ATF3) | differential centrifugation + western blot | humans (urine), mice | urinary exosomal ATF3 is an early diagnostic biomarker for sepsis-induced acute kidney injury | 185 |
| Protein (SPTLC3) | one-step ultracentrifugation using OptiPrep + mass spectrometry using Q Exactive Plus | humans (plasma) | SPTLC3 is involved in sphingolipid metabolism, with a negative correlation with the progression of sepsis | 187 |
| Proteins | ExoQuick exosome precipitation | humans (plasma) | proteomic profile analysis of sepsis-derived exosomes and LPS-stimulated, monocyte-derived exosomes exhibited downregulation of several important protein networks, including immune response | 188 |
| miRNA (miR-126) | centrifugation + ExoQuick | mice (serum) | levels of miR-126 in serum exosomes isolated from HSPA12B-deficient (HSPA12B−/−) septic mice were significantly lower than those for wild-type septic mice | 186 |
| felivery of miR-126 containing exosomes significantly improved cardiac function and vascular permeability in HSPA12B−/− septic mice | ||||
| miRNA (miRNA-125b) | – | mice (serum) | miRNA-125b in endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes was also downregulated during sepsis | 45 |
| miRNA (miR-155 and miR-146a) | differential centrifugation | mice (serum) | miR-146a inhibited while miR-155 promoted endotoxin-induced inflammation | |
| miRNA (miR-34a, miR-27a, and miR-15a) | ExoQuick exosome precipitation solution | humans (plasma) | miR-34a, miR-27a, and miR-15a in the endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes had different expression levels in sepsis patients | 30 |
| miRNA (miR-223) | centrifuged + filtering through 0.2 μm + Tris/EDTA | mice (serum) | exosomal miR-223 plays an essential role for MSC-induced cardioprotection in sepsis | 183 |
| miRNA (miR-126-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-222-3p, and miR-181a-5p) | differential ultracentrifugation | mice (serum) | EVs of septic animals play an important role in inflammation, and EV-associated miRNAs likely mediate the cytokine production via TLR7-MyD88 signaling | 189 |
| miRNA (miR-122-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-1260a, miR-1262, miR-127-3p, miR-1290, miR-1298-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-151a-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-1825, miR-192-5p, miR-193a-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-25-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-301a-3p, miR-320b, miR-339-3p, miR-340-5p, miR-532-3p, miR-720, miR-744-5p, miR-885-5p, miR-92a-3p) | ultracentrifugation + western blot + nanoparticle-tracking analysis device + nano flow cytometry | humans (plasma) | – | 181 |
| mRNA (myeloperoxidase [MPO], PRDX3, SOD2, FOXM1, SELS, and GLRX2) | ultracentrifugation + western blot + nanoparticle-tracking analysis device + nano flow cytometry | humans (plasma) | – | 181 |
| mRNA (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B) | centrifugation | humans (plasma) | EV-DNMT mRNAs load, when coupled with total plasma EV number, may be a novel method to diagnose septic shock | 190 |