Table 2.
Genoprotective activities of plant natural substances in preclinical non-cancer and cancer models
| Genoprotective mechanism | Model of study | Plant natural substances | Study design | Inducers of DNA damage | Genopreventive activities | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant activity | Non-cancer | Chrysobalanus icaco | Peripheral blood cells, bone marrow cells, and peripheral blood neutrophils of Wistar male rats | DXR | ↓ NADPH oxidase complex, ↓ DNA damage | [103] |
| Lemongrass essential oil | Human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELFs) | B[a]P | ↓ MDA, ↑ CAT, ↑ SOD, ↓ 8-OHdG | [104] | ||
| Allium cepa and A. × cornutum methanolic extract | Human leukocytes | H2O2 | ↑ Scavenging activity of free radicals, ability to maintain DNA in supercoiled structure | [106] | ||
| Euphorbia dracunculoides methanol extract | Liver tissues and hepatocytes of Sprague-Dawley male rats | CCl4 | ↑ CAT, ↑ POD, ↑ SOD, ↑ GST, ↑ GSH, ↓ TBARS, ↓ nitrite and hydrogen peroxide, ↓ DNA damage (DNA strand breaks) | [107] | ||
| Cancer | Brachystegia eurycoma | Male Wistar rats (colon cancer model) | NMU | ↓ MDA, ↓ CEA, prevention against DNA damage to mismatch repair gene (MLH1) | [108] | |
| Butea monosperma extracts | MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells | Hydroxyl radical | ↑ ROS level, ↑ DNA DSBs | [111] | ||
| Powdered red wine pomace seasonings | HT-29 colon cancer cells | Oxidation agent (menadione) | ↓ Oxidative DNA breakage, ↓ RONS, indirect antioxidant mechanisms | [112] | ||
| Indolo[3,2-b]-carbazole | Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells | t-BOOH, H2O2 or B[a]P | ↑ Direct radical scavenging effect except for t-BOOH-induced strand breaks, ↓ level of 8-OHdG, activation of AhR-dependent pathway | [20] | ||
| Young barley leaves | Sprague-Dawley female rats (mammary carcinoma model) | NMU | ↓ dityrosines | [114] | ||
| Syzygium aromaticum | Sprague-Dawley female rats (mammary carcinoma model) | NMU | ↓ MDA | [7] | ||
| Thymus vulgaris | Sprague-Dawley female rats (mammary carcinoma model) | NMU | ↓ MDA | [2] | ||
| Fruit peel polyphenols | Sprague-Dawley female rats (mammary carcinoma model) | NMU | ↓ Dityrosines, 3-nitrotyrosine | [115] | ||
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum | Sprague-Dawley female rats (mammary carcinoma model) | NMU | ↓ MDA | [116] | ||
| Detoxification of carcinogens | Non-cancer | Crataegus songarica methanol extract | Kidney and heart tissue of male Wistar rats | CCl4 | ↓ MDA, ↓ GSH, ↓ GR, ↓ GPx, ↓ GST, ↓ DNA damage | [117] |
| Cancer | Salvia officinalis | Isolated colonocytes from female rats (colon cancer model) | AOM and H2O2 | modulation of cell proliferation; not proven by ↑ GST and ↓ bioactivation by CYP2E1 | [118] | |
| TRCEO, γ-terpinene and p-cymene constituents | Lung cancer cells (H1299 and A549) and epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431) | Oxidation agent | ↑ Membrane damage in A431 cells ↑ DNA damage in A549 cells, ↑ MDA, ↑ 8-OHdG, ↑ GRx, ↑ GPx, ↑ GST, ↑ G6PD | [119] | ||
| Flaxseed | Lung tumourigenesis of A/J mice | NNK | ↓ CYPs, ↑ GSTs, ↑ UGTs | [120] | ||
| Methanol extract of Pongamia pinnata seeds, pongapin and lanceolatin B | HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells, MCF-7 breast cancer cells | B[a]P | ↓ CYP1A1 | [121] | ||
| DNA repair | Non-cancer | Sechium edule extract | Normal human keratinocytes (NHK) | UVA | ↑ Repair capacity (BER, NER), ↓ oxidative DNA damage, ↑ OGG1, ↑ MYH, ↓ CPDs | [124] |
| Ficus carica leaf extract | Non-tumourigenic MCF10A human breast epithelial cell line | DES | ↑ DNA repair | [125] | ||
| Cancer | Hemidesmus indicus hydro-alcoholic extract | DLD1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and in CCRC-CEM T-lymphoblastic cells | ETP, DXR and H2O2 | ↓ Uptake of the genotoxic agent absorption, ↑ antioxidant activity, ↑ modulation of DNA repair, cell cycle, or apoptosis at extra- and intracellular level | [128] | |
| Withaferin A | MDA-MB-231, SUM-149, MCF-7 breast cancer cells and U2OS osteosarcoma cells | MMC | ↓ FANCA protein levels, ↓ SSA error-prone repair, accumulation of DSBs | [21] |
DXR doxorubicin; B[a]P benzo[a]pyrene; UVA ultraviolet A; DES diethylstilbestrol; H2O2 hydrogen peroxide; CCl4 carbon tetrachloride; NMU N-methyl-N-nitrosourea; NNK 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; AOM azoxymethane, ETP etoposide; MMC mitomycin C; t-BOOH tert-butyl hydroperoxide; NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MDA malodialdehyde; CAT catalase; POD peroxidase; SOD superoxide dismutase; 8-OHdG 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; BER base excision repair; NER nucleotide excision repair; OGG1 8-oxoGua DNA glycosylase 1; MYH mutY DNA glycosylase; CPDs cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers; CEA carcinoembryonic antigen; MLH1 MutL homolog1; GST glutathione S-transferase; GSH glutathione; TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactant substances; GR glutathione reductase; GPx glutathione peroxidase; GRx glutaredoxin; G6PD glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; CYPs cytochrome P450; CYP2E1 cytochrome P450 2E1; CYP1A1 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1; UGTs UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; RONS reactive oxygen/nitrogen species; DSBs double-strand breaks; SSA single-strand annealing; AhR aryl hydrocarbon receptor; TRCEO Thymus revolutus Célak essential oil
↑Increase/induce
↓Decrease/inhibit