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. 2020 May 29;8:393. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00393

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Copyright © 2020 Fischer, Hayn and Mierke.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cell stiffness measurement of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells using AFM. (A) Illustration of AFM measurement technique: an individual adherent cancer cell is measured with a 6 μm bead carrying cantilever. Exemplary measurement points for the cytoskeleton and the nucleus are indicated in a phase contrast image with the cytoskeletal measurement points depicted in red and nucleus measurement point in green. Scalebar is 10 μm. (B) Stiffness measurements of the cytoskeleton (light gray) and the nucleus (dark gray) of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells as well as control mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells. Exemplary force-distance curves of MDA-MB-231 cells of the nucleus (C) and cytoskeleton (D) are presented. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, and n.s., not significant.