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. 2020 Jun 4;10:9135. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66078-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during stroking stimuli. (A,B) Examples of spectrograms of 50-kHz calls (A) and 22-kHz calls (B). Time courses of the numbers of vocalizations during stroking in the S3–6 group (C, 50-kHz; D, 22-kHz), S7–10 group (E, 50-kHz; F, 22-kHz), and S3–10 group (G, 50-kHz; H, 22-kHz). In the S3–6 group, the number of 50-kHz calls did not significantly change. In the S7–10 group, the number of 50-kHz calls at the age of 9 weeks was significantly larger than that at the age of 7 weeks. In the S3–10 group, the numbers of 50-kHz calls at 7, 8, 9, and 10 weeks of age were significantly increased compared to the number at the age of 5 weeks. In addition, the number of 50-kHz calls at 8 weeks of age was significantly larger than that at 4 weeks of age. The numbers of 22-kHz calls during stroking did not significantly change in any of the three groups. ^†P < 0.01; *P < 0.05, post-hoc Dunn’s test.