TABLE 1.
Tissues or cells with polyploidy in insects.
| Order | Species | Tissue/cell type | Function | References |
| Diptera | Drosophila melanogaster | Brain/subperineurial glial cells | Blood-brain barrier | Unhavaithaya and Orr-Weaver, 2012; Zülbahar et al., 2018 |
| Ovary/nurse cells | Provide vast amounts of maternal messages and products for the developing oocyte | Royzman et al., 2002 | ||
| Ovary/follicle cells | Oocyte maturation and egg chamber development/eggshell gene amplification, DNA damage resistance | Calvi and Spradling, 1999 | ||
| Papillar cells | Repress the apoptotic response to DNA damage | Zhang et al., 2014; Bretscher and Fox, 2016 | ||
| Salivary glands | Synthesis and secretion glue proteins | Hammond and Laird, 1985; Buntrock et al., 2012 | ||
| Fat body | – | Juhasz and Sass, 2005 | ||
| Hindgut/rectal papillae | – | Fox and Duronio, 2013 | ||
| Trachea | – | Fox and Duronio, 2013 | ||
| Malpighian tubules | Absorb water, solutes, and wastes and excrete them as nitrogenous compounds | Lamb, 1982 | ||
| Renal tubules | – | Fox and Duronio, 2013 | ||
| Epidermis | – | Fox and Duronio, 2013 | ||
| Mechanosory bristle/shaft cells | – | Audibert et al., 2005 | ||
| Mechanosory bristle/socket cells | – | Audibert et al., 2005 | ||
| Calliphora erythrocephala | Ovary/nurse cells | – | Ribbert, 1979 | |
| Aedes aegypti | Midgut | Immune response | Ray et al., 2009; Maldonado et al., 2019 | |
| Culex pipiens | Midgut | Immune response | Ray et al., 2009; Maldonado et al., 2019 | |
| Anopheles gambiae | Ovary/nurse cells | – | Zhimulev, 1996 | |
| Anopheles albimanus | Ovary/nurse cells | – | Zhimulev, 1996 | |
| Chironomus tentans | Salivary glands | – | Zhimulev et al., 2004 | |
| Orthoptera | Locusta migratoria | Fat body (female) | Massive synthesis of vitellogenin | Guo et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2018 |
| Fat body (male) | – | Ren et al., 2019 | ||
| Fat body-like tissue | – | Ren et al., 2019 | ||
| Ovary/follicle cells | Oocyte maturation and egg chamber development | Wu et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2018 | ||
| Coleoptera | Tribolium castaneum | Midgut/intestinal stem cells | – | Parthasarathy and Palli, 2008 |
| Lepidoptera | Ephestia kuehniella | Malpighian tubules | – | Buntrock et al., 2012 |
| Silk glands | High silk production | Buntrock et al., 2012 | ||
| Wing epithelium | Increase cell size | Edgar and Orr-Weaver, 2001 | ||
| Spodoptera frugiperda | Ovary | – | Meneses-Acosta et al., 2001 | |
| Hymenoptera | Apis mellifera | Malpighian tubules | – | Rangel et al., 2015 |
| Brain | – | Rangel et al., 2015 | ||
| Stinger | – | Rangel et al., 2015 | ||
| Leg | – | Rangel et al., 2015 | ||
| Thoracic muscle | – | Rangel et al., 2015 | ||
| Flight muscle | – | Rangel et al., 2015 | ||
| Bombus terrestris L. | Mandibular muscle (haploid male) | Keep pace with females in terms of muscular metabolic activity and efficiency | Aron et al., 2005 | |
| Thoracic muscle (haploid male) | Keep pace with females in terms of muscular metabolic activity and efficiency | Aron et al., 2005 | ||
| Leg muscles (haploid male) | Keep pace with females in terms of muscular metabolic activity and efficiency | Aron et al., 2005 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | Whole body | Body size and behavior | Scholes et al., 2013 | |
| Pogonomyrmex badius | Whole body | Body size and behavior | Scholes et al., 2013 | |
| Camponotus floridanus | Whole body | Body size and behavior | Scholes et al., 2013 | |
| Atta texana | Whole body | Body size and behavior | Scholes et al., 2013 |