Figure 1.

The transport and health effects of PM in human lung and cardiovascular. (A) Classification of PM size by aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED). (B) PM deposition curves in the extrathoracic, bronchial, and alveolar regions for adult humans. Reproduced with permission from Tsuda et al. (2013). (C) The schematization of the immune responses and inflammation in lung cells by inhaled PM. Reproduced with permission from Nemmar et al. (2013). (D) There are three main hypotheses that PM can cause biological pathways for cardiovascular impairment. Reproduced with permission from Ngoc et al. (2018).