Fig. 1.

Inhibition of NADPH oxidase-specific oxidative stress in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) prevents morphine- and Tat-mediated early apoptosis and late hyperproliferation. DCF assay at 3 h (A), cell death assay at day 3 (B), and MTS assay (C) at day 6 posttreatment of HPMECs with morphine (1 µM) and HIV-Tat (25 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of 25 µM of specific inhibitors as follows:VAS3947, allopurinol, or MitoTempo. ROS, reactive oxygen species. Means ± SD of at least 3 independent experiments. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. control. ^@@@P < 0.001, ^@P < 0.05 vs. morphine and HIV-Tat (MT).