Fig. 3.
Pressure-volume (PV) loop and aortic pressure changes during the cardiac cycle are outputs from the closed-loop left ventricle (LV) model and systemic circulation. Sensitivity of the model to changes in the myocardial properties on the LV’s PV loop (A) and the aortic pressure waveform (C) and the effect of changes in systemic circulation parameters on the LV’s PV loop (B) and the aortic pressure waveform (D) are shown. The following model parameters are independently varied from their baseline values (values in brackets show % change): myocardial contractility, Tmax (+25%); relaxation time constant, b (+10%); passive modulus, A (−50%); preload, Vven0 (−25%); afterload, Rper (+25%); and aortic compliance, Cart (+25%).