Table 2.
Sample Descriptive Statistics by Individual Race/Ethnicity and Facility Racial Composition
| Explanatory variables | Low-Minority Facility (N = 320 Facilities) | High-Minority Facility (N = 355 Facilities) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Minority | White | Minority | ||
| Resident characteristics | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | 84.084 | 73.944*** | 72.887*** | 65.759*** | |
| Female | 0.695 | 0.585*** | 0.547*** | 0.496*** | |
| Married | 0.221 | 0.154* | 0.112*** | 0.086*** | |
| Clinical and functional | |||||
| Length of stay (years) | 2.533 | 2.528 | 3.579*** | 3.650*** | |
| ADL score (0–28) | 14.985 | 14.209* | 11.337*** | 11.027*** | |
| Chronic conditions (0–5) | 1.729 | 1.980* | 1.670* | 1.924*** | |
| Anxiety or depression Dx | 0.572 | 0.512* | 0.583 | 0.514* | |
| Severe mental illness Dx | 0.112 | 0.160* | 0.350*** | 0.378*** | |
| Cognitive impairment or dementia Dx | 0.542 | 0.530 | 0.435*** | 0.425*** | |
| Behavioral symptoms | 0.184 | 0.223** | 0.324*** | 0.362*** | |
| Facility characteristics | |||||
| Structural characteristics | |||||
| Metropolitan statistical area (vs micropolitan or rural) | 0.541 | 0.778*** | 0.882*** | 0.942*** | |
| For-profit ownership (vs nonprofit or government) | 0.262 | 0.422*** | 0.558*** | 0.671*** | |
| Chain affiliation | 0.539 | 0.611* | 0.548 | 0.501 | |
| Hospital affiliation | 0.14 | 0.042*** | 0.043*** | 0.027*** | |
| Number of beds | 86.507 | 129.523*** | 114.512*** | 122.679*** | |
| Proportion private rooms | 0.538 | 0.438*** | 0.355*** | 0.276*** | |
| Case and payer-mix | |||||
| Proportion of Medicaid patient-days | 0.524 | 0.572*** | 0.698*** | 0.709*** | |
| Proportion of Medicare patient-days | 0.093 | 0.100* | 0.061*** | 0.056*** | |
| Staffing | |||||
| Registered nurse and licensed practical nurse HPRD | 1.228 | 1.316*** | 1.289*** | 1.291*** | |
| Certified nursing assistant HPRD | 2.201 | 2.141* | 1.810*** | 1.631*** | |
| Mental health and social worker HPRD | 0.118 | 0.130*** | 0.189*** | 0.251*** | |
| Activities staff HPRD | 0.261 | 0.222*** | 0.177*** | 0.165*** | |
| Staff retention | 0.672 | 0.652* | 0.682* | 0.683 | |
| Quality indicators | |||||
| Minnesota Quality of Care Star Rating | 3.052 | 2.948 | 2.978* | 2.874*** | |
| Sample sizes | 9553 | 306 | 902 | 365 | |
Notes: Stars represent the statistical significance levels for t- or chi-square tests for differences relative to white residents in low-proportion racial/ethnic-minority facilities. ADL = activities of daily living; Dx = Diagnosis; HPRD = hours per resident-day.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.