Table 1.
Characteristics of Overall Study Sample
| Characteristics | Full sample (n = 1,564) % or Mean (SE) |
|---|---|
| Facility characteristics | |
| Administrator tenure | |
| 0–2 years | 40.1 |
| >2–7 years | 33.9 |
| >7 years | 26.1 |
| Continuous care retirement community | 9.5 |
| For profit | 69.1 |
| Small facility (80 or fewer beds) | 34.4 |
| Occupancy rate | 85.0 (0.33) |
| Any special unit | 20.8 |
| RN hours per resident day | 0.4 (0.01) |
| LPN hours per resident day | 0.8 (0.01) |
| CNA hours per resident day | 2.3 (0.02) |
| Percent with Medicare | 13.9 |
| Percent with Medicaid | 61.0 |
| State policy and regional characteristics | |
| State pay for performance | |
| No P4P or P4P without CC at either time | 87.9 |
| Any P4P with CC | 12.1 |
| State culture change coalition (very active) | 37.5 |
| Medicaid rate 2009 | $160.28 (0.76) |
| County Herfindahl–Hirschman Index | 0.2 (0.01) |
| Nursing home in urban county | 66.3 |
| Resident case mix | |
| Percent black residents | |
| None | 38.5 |
| Below median | 8.3 |
| Above median | 53.3 |
| Average age | 81.0 (0.16) |
| Average RUGS Case Mix Index | 0.8 (0.02) |
| Average ADL | 16.4 (0.07) |
| Percent high CPS | 17.1 |
Note. ADL = activities of daily living; CC = culture change; CNA = certified nursing assistant; CPS = cognitive performance scale; LPN = licensed practical nurse; P4P = Medicaid pay for performance; RN = registered nurse; RUGS = Resource Utilization Group; SE = standard error.