Table 1.
Clinical and pulmonary function characteristics of patients with COVID-19 after discharge.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 18) | Non-severe illness (n = 12) | Severe illness (n = 6) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 50.7 (12.1) | 51.3 (12.2) | 49.7 (12.9) | 0.803 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 10 (55.6) | 7 (58.3) | 3 (50.0) | 1.000 |
| Female | 8 (44.4) | 5 (41.7) | 3 (50.0) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 26.4 (2.8) | 25.8 (2.8) | 27.7 (2.6) | 0.182 |
| Underlying disease, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 3 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.245 |
| Diabetes | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 1 (16.7) | 0.333 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1 (5.6) | 1 (8.3) | 0 | 1.000 |
| Length of hospital stay, mean (SD), days | 28.0 (10.3) | 23.8 (8.4) | 35.0 (9.9) | 0.030 |
| Days from hospital discharge to pulmonary function test, mean (SD) | 38.0 (13.4) | 40.0 (11.6) | 34.7 (16.5) | 0.459 |
| Lung volume | ||||
| VCmax%pred, mean (SD) | 105.1 (23.3) | 108.4 (22.5) | 98.6 (22.6) | 0.418 |
| VCmax%pred, n (%) <80% | 3 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.245 |
| TV, mean (SD), L | 0.8 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.4) | 1.2 (1.0) | 0.111 |
| ERV, mean (SD), L | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.785 |
| IRV, mean (SD), L | 0.8 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.355 |
| IC, mean (SD), L | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.7 (1.0) | 0.699 |
| Pulmonary ventilation function | ||||
| MVV%pred, mean (SD) | 86.1 (11.9) | 85.8 (14.6) | 86.7 (6.6) | 0.907 |
| FVC%pred, mean (SD) | 105.1 (23.3) | 108.4 (22.5) | 98.6 (25.6) | 0.418 |
| FVC%pred, n (%) <80% | 3 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.245 |
| FEV1%pred, mean (SD) | 101.0 (19.5) | 102.3 (19.7) | 98.6 (20.6) | 0.719 |
| FEV1%pred, n (%) <80% | 3 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.245 |
| FEV1/FVC%, mean (SD) | 77.9 (8.1) | 75.8 (8.3) | 82.0 (6.1) | 0.125 |
| FEV1/FVC%, n (%) <70% | 3 (16.7) | 3 (25.0) | 0 | 0.515 |
| Small airway function | ||||
| MMEF%pred, mean (SD) | 80.2 (33.7) | 73.2 (32.4) | 94.3 (34.8) | 0.220 |
| MMEF%pred, n (%) <65% | 7 (38.9) | 6 (50.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0.316 |
| FEF50%pred, mean (SD) | 95.5 (30.9) | 87.7 (30.0) | 111.2 (28.8) | 0.131 |
| FEF50%pred, n (%) <65% | 2 (11.1) | 2 (16.7) | 0 | 0.529 |
| FEF75%pred, mean (SD) | 67.3 (34.4) | 65.1 (35.4) | 71.8 (35.1) | 0.706 |
| FEF75%pred, n (%) <65% | 11 (61.1) | 8 (66.7) | 3 (50.0) | 0.627 |
| Ventilation impairment, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 12 (66.7) | 8 (66.7) | 4 (66.7) | 0.291 |
| Obstructive ventilation impairment | 3 (16.7) | 3 (25.0) | 0 | |
| Restrictive ventilatory impairment | 3 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (33.3) | |
| Small airway function impairment, n (%) | 6 (33.3) | 5 (41.7) | 1 (16.7) | 0.600 |
| SaO2, mean (SD) | 95.1 (6.6) | 93.4 (9.8) | 96.5 (2.2) | 0.465 |
| CT changes, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 1 (5.6) | 1 (8.3) | 0 | 0.882 |
| GGO plus pulmonary fibrosis | 11 (61.1) | 6 (50.0) | 5 (83.3) | |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 4 (22.2) | 3 (25.0) | 1 (16.7) | |
| Not available | 2 (11.1) | 2 (16.7) | 0 |
Note: Values are presented as No. (%), or mean ± standard deviation (SD). P values were calculated by t-test, χ² test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; VC, vital capacity; TV, tidal volume; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; IRV, inspiratory reserve volume; IC, inspiratory capacity; MVV, maximal voluntary ventilation; FVC, forced vital capacity; forced expiratory volume in the first second; MMEF, maximal midexpiratory flow; FEF50, forced expired flow at 50% of forced vital capacity; FEF75, forced expired flow at 75% of forced vital capacity; PO2, partial pressure of oxygen; SaO2, oxygen saturation; GGO, ground-glass opacity.