Table 1:
Characteristics of 316 patients presenting with acute respiratory illness and tested for COVID-19
| COVID-19 positive (n=33) |
COVID-19 negative (n=283) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, median (IQR), yr | 63 (50, 75) | 62 (43, 72) | 0.243 |
| Female sex | 12 (36%) | 140 (50%) | 0.154 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or partnered | 21 (64%) | 103 (36%) | 0.019 |
| Single | 7 (21%) | 136 (48%) | |
| Divorced | 2 (6%) | 18 (6%) | |
| Widowed | 2 (6%) | 19 (7%) | |
| Housing insecure | 1 (3%) | 44 (16%) | 0.063 |
| Race | 0.010 | ||
| White | 8 (24%) | 124 (44%) | |
| Black or African-American | 2 (6%) | 50 (18%) | |
| Asian | 14 (42%) | 69 (24%) | |
| Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | 5 (15%) | 21 (8%) | 0.128 |
| Required interpreter | 6 (18%) | 46 (16%) | 0.777 |
| Travel in last 21 days or known COVID exposure | 15 (46%) | 31 (11%) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Tobacco use | |||
| Current smoker | 0 (0%) | 52 (18%) | 0.001 |
| Former smoker | 9 (27%) | 47 (17%) | |
| Never smoker | 20 (61%) | 113 (40%) | |
| Unknown | 4 (12%) | 71 (25%) | |
| Hypertension | 16 (49%) | 119 (42%) | 0.479 |
| Coronary artery disease | 5 (15%) | 38 (13%) | 0.785 |
| Diabetes | 9 (27%) | 50 (18%) | 0.180 |
| Obesity | 0 (0%) | 8 (3%) | 1.000 |
| Cancer, active (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) | 5 (15%) | 42 (15%) | 0.962 |
| Cancer, in remission (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) | 5 (15%) | 19 (7%) | 0.090 |
| Prior stroke | 0 (0%) | 25 (9%) | 0.090 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 (21%) | 28 (10%) | 0.049 |
| Liver disease | 0 (0%) | 13 (5%) | 0.375 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 0 (0%) | 15 (5%) | 0.382 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema | 1 (3%) | 41 (15%) | 0.098 |
| Asthma | 4 (12%) | 38 (13%) | 1.000 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 0 (0%) | 5 (2%) | 1.000 |
| Congestive heart failure | 4 (12%) | 43 (15%) | 0.798 |
| Solid organ transplant | 4 (12%) | 8 (3%) | 0.027 |
| Other immunosuppressive condition | 5 (15%) | 33 (12%) | 0.560 |
| Home medications | |||
| Steroids | 5 (15%) | 26 (9%) | 0.275 |
| Immunosuppression medications (aside from steroids) | 6 (18%) | 35 (13%) | 0.347 |
| ACE inhibitors or ARB | 6 (18%) | 43 (15%) | 0.654 |
| Signs and Symptoms | |||
| Onset of symptoms relative to presentation, d (IQR) | 7 (5, 9) | 3 (2,7) | <0.001 |
| Fever, patient reported | 27 (82%) | 125 (44%) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue/malaise | 28 (85%) | 140 (50%) | <0.001 |
| Cough | 28 (85%) | 208 (74%) | 0.156 |
| Dry | 12 (43%) | 62 (30%) | 0.298 |
| Productive | 10 (36%) | 77 (37%) | |
| Unspecified | 6 (21%) | 69 (33%) | |
| Myalgia | 20 (61%) | 77 (27%) | <0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 23 (70%) | 171 (60%) | 0.301 |
| Chest pain | 5 (15%) | 81 (29%) | 0.100 |
| Sore throat | 9 (27%) | 73 (26%) | 0.855 |
| Congestion/Rhinorrhea | 10 (30%) | 74 (26%) | 0.610 |
| Diarrhea | 9 (27%) | 45 (16%) | 0.101 |
| Nausea | 8 (24%) | 48 (17%) | 0.300 |
| Vomiting | 5 (15%) | 28 (10%) | 0.350 |
| Abdominal pain | 4 (12%) | 26 (9%) | 0.535 |
| Headache | 7 (21%) | 47 (17%) | 0.506 |
| Altered mentation | 2 (6%) | 39 (14%) | 0.280 |
| Presenting vital signs | |||
| Tachycardia (HR > 100 beats/min) | 16 (49%) | 164 (58%) | 0.299 |
| Low mean arterial pressure (<60mmHg) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 1.00 |
| Tachypnea (RR > 20 breaths/min) | 13 (39%) | 124 (44%) | 0.616 |
| Fever (Tmax ≥100.4°F) | 15 (46%) | 69 (24%) | 0.010 |
| Highest level of respiratory support in the first 24 hours | 0.864 | ||
| Nasal cannula | 10 (30%) | 64 (23%) | |
| High flow nasal cannula | 2 (6%) | 23 (8%) | |
| CPAP or BiPAP | 0 (0%) | 10 (4%) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 1 (3%) | 12 (4%) |
Legend:
COVID-19 - Coronavirus Disease 2019; IQR - interquartile range; ACE - angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB -Angiotensin II receptor blockers; HR - heart rate; CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure; BiPAP - bilevel positive airway pressure; RR - respiratory rate