Table 3.
Risk of reporting a positive test for COVID-19 according to personal protective equipment (PPE) availability and exposure to COVID-19 patients among frontline healthcare workers.
| Personal protective equipment | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Adequate | Reused | Inadequate | |
| No. with Event/Person-days | 592/332,901 | 146/80,728 | 157/60,916 |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1·0 (ref.) | 1·46 (1·21 to 1·76) | 1·32 (1·10 to 1·57) |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1·0 (ref.) | 1·46 (1·21 to 1·76) | 1·31 (1·10 to 1·56) |
| Exposure to patients with COVID-19 | |||
| None | |||
| No. with Event/Person-days | 186/227,654 | 19/37,599 | 48/35,159 |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1·0 (ref.) | 0·96 (0·60 to 1·55) | 1·53 (1·11 to 2·11) |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1·0 (ref.) | 0·95 (0·59 to 1·54) | 1·52 (1·10 to 2·09) |
| Suspected COVID-19 patients | |||
| No. with Event/Person-days | 126/54,676 | 36/19,378 | 26/14,083 |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 2·40 (1·91 to 3·02) | 3·23 (2·24 to 4·66) | 1·87 (1·24 to 2·83) |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 2·39 (1·90 to 3·00) | 3·20 (2·22 to 4·61) | 1·83 (1·21 to 2·78) |
| Documented COVID-19 patients | |||
| No. with Event/Person-days | 280/50,571 | 91/23,751 | 83/11,675 |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 4·93 (4·07 to 5·97) | 5·12 (3·94 to 6·64) | 5·95 (4·57 to 7·76) |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 4·83 (3·99 to 5·85) | 5·06 (3·90 to 6·57) | 5·91 (4·53 to 7·71) |
Abbreviations: CI (confidence interval), HR (hazard ratio)
All models were stratified by 5-year age group, calendar date at study entry, and country.
Multivariate risk factor models were adjusted for sex, history of diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, kidney disease, and current smoking (each yes/no), and body mass index (17–19·9, 20–24·9, 25–29·9, and ≥30 kg/m2).