Figure 4.

(a–f) Relative expression of Bax, Cas-3, Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-ERK1/2, and p-GSK3β in SN of mice was studied using the Western blot technique and densitometry analysis of proteins. CGA suppressed MPTP-induced apoptosis via Akt, GSK3β, and ERK1/2 signalling pathways in parkinsonian mice. It has normalized the deregulated expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Cas-3 in MPTP-injected mice (a, b). β-Actin protein served as an internal control. Values are represented in the form of mean ± SEM (n = 5). ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001. Results were studied using the one-way ANOVA and further using the Newman-Keuls test. Abbreviations: CGA: chlorogenic acid; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; SEM: standard error of the mean.