Table 4.
GEE model results for predictors of youth perceiving their weight as “overweight” in Year 4 (2015/2016) of the COMPASS study among grade 9–12 students with Year 3 (2014/2015) WPs of “about the right weight.”
| Females (N = 5062) | Males (N = 4557) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| WP: overweight (ref.: about the right weight) | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Covariates | ||||||
| Grade (9–12 continuous) | 0.88 | 0.76, 1.01 | 0.0696 | 1.15 | 0.94, 1.42 | 0.1828 |
| Ethnicity (white vs. nonwhite minority) | 0.98 | 0.75, 1.29 | 0.9027 | 0.88 | 0.65, 1.18 | 0.3919 |
| BMI category (ref.: “normal weight” BMI)a | ||||||
| Underweight BMIb | ||||||
| Overweight/obesity BMI | 3.49 | 2.41, 5.05 | <0.0001 | 6.07 | 4.42, 8.34 | <0.0001 |
| Missing BMI | 1.48 | 1.11, 1.98 | 0.0083 | 2.17 | 1.51, 3.12 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||||
| Physical activity (yes vs. no) | ||||||
| Met MVPA guidelinesc | 0.89 | 0.74, 1.06 | 0.1791 | 0.74 | 0.59, 0.91 | 0.0057 |
| Met resistance exercise guidelinesc | 0.85 | 0.70, 1.03 | 0.1050 | 0.62 | 0.50, 0.78 | <0.0001 |
| Varsity sports | 0.81 | 0.66, 0.99 | 0.0397 | 0.89 | 0.70, 1.15 | 0.3785 |
| School-organized PA/intramurals | 0.96 | 0.78, 1.17 | 0.6817 | 1.18 | 0.90, 1.55 | 0.2199 |
| League/team sports outside of school | 0.91 | 0.74, 1.12 | 0.3783 | 0.70 | 0.58, 0.85 | 0.0003 |
|
| ||||||
| Bullying victimization (yes, in the last 30 days vs. no) | ||||||
| Physical attacks | 1.80 | 0.87, 3.75 | 0.1157 | 3.11 | 1.75, 5.55 | 0.0001 |
| Verbal attacks | 1.38 | 1.08, 1.76 | .0089 | 1.74 | 1.30, 2.31 | 0.0002 |
| Cyber-attacks | 1.37 | 1.02, 1.84 | .0351 | 0.29 | 0.11, 0.76 | 0.0117 |
| Stolen/damaged belongings | 1.85 | 1.00, 3.42 | .0482 | 1.01 | 0.50, 2.06 | 0.9675 |
|
| ||||||
| Screen time (≤2 hours/day vs. >2 hours/day) | ||||||
| Watching TV/movies | 0.85 | 0.73, 1.00 | 0.0443 | 0.88 | 0.70, 1.10 | 0.2520 |
| Playing video/computer games | 0.87 | 0.68, 1.12 | 0.2796 | 0.72 | 0.59, 0.89 | 0.0024 |
| Talking on the phone | 0.97 | 0.77, 1.23 | 0.8163 | 1.09 | 0.81, 1.48 | 0.5657 |
| Surfing the internet | 0.89 | 0.75, 1.06 | 0.1911 | 0.86 | 0.69, 1.06 | 0.1496 |
| Texting/messaging/emailing | 0.95 | 0.80, 1.13 | 0.5640 | 1.03 | 0.86, 1.24 | 0.7150 |
The values in bold represent statistically significant results (p<0.05). All models adjusted for school clustering. WP = weight perception; GEE = General Estimating Equations; PA = physical activity; MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; BMI = body mass index. aBMI classification based on self-reported height and weight and age- and sex-adjusted cutoffs. bNo students with underweight BMIs changed from ”about right“ to ”overweight“ WPs. cBased on PA guidelines for youth doing at least 60 minutes of MVPA per day on average and strengthening exercises at least 3 days a week.