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. 2020 Jun 5;19:102. doi: 10.1186/s12943-020-01199-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — EV-RNA mediated crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells and within immune cells modulating malignant behaviors of cancer cells. Tumor-derived EV-RNAs can contribute to the immunosuppressive and decreased anti-tumoral activities of various immune cells and induce immunoinhibitory phenotype of CAFs and normal cells. EV-RNA-mediated communication between immunes also leads to cancer progression.