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. 2020 Jun 4;8:83. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00843-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The effect of krill oil (KO), alone or in combinations with COX2 and IKK2 inhibitors, on pro-inflammatory cytokines and the transcriptome in human differentiated THP-1 cells treated with LPS. KO decreased LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL1β (a) and TNFα (b) in a dose-dependent manner. c The number of viable cells at various KO dose levels incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h. No cytotoxicity became evident at a dose up to 320 μg/ml. d Sample labels. KO displayed a synergistic effect in inhibiting inflammation mediators, such as IL6 (e), NOD2 (f), and CCL2 (g) at 160 μg/ml. h Pathways significantly enriched in differentially expressed genes detected using RNAseq transcriptome analysis. i A heat map showing genes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathways regulated by KO and the inhibitors of COX and IKK2, alone or in combinations. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. ^###p < 0.001 (LPS vs. NC)