TABLE 6.
Available genetic resources for carotenoids and folate improvement in major cereal grains.
| Crop | Genotype | Nutrient trait | Concentration (μg/100 g) | RAE (μg/day)‡ | % RDA§,† | References | |||
| Children (1–3 years) | Children (4–8 years) | Men (>19 years) | Women (>19 years) | ||||||
| Rice | Nootripathu | Folates | 51.0 | 34.0 | 25.5 | 12.8 | 12.8 | Ashokkumar et al. (2018b) | |
| Maize | HP704-22 | Provitamin A | 1605.0 | 133.8 | 44.6 | 33.4 | 14.9 | 19.1 | Zunjare et al. (2018) |
| Maize | HP704-23 | Provitamin A | 1528.0 | 127.3 | 42.4 | 31.8 | 14.1 | 18.2 | Zunjare et al. (2018) |
| Maize | HP465-41 | Provitamin A | 1550.0 | 129.2 | 43.1 | 32.3 | 14.4 | 18.5 | Muthusamy et al. (2015) |
| Maize | HP465-30 | Provitamin A | 1510.0 | 125.8 | 41.9 | 31.5 | 14.0 | 18.0 | Muthusamy et al. (2015) |
| Maize | HP180-25 | Lutein | 1130.0 | – | – | – | Muthusamy et al. (2015) | ||
| Maize | CML161 | Zeaxanthin | 2000.0 | – | – | – | Muthusamy et al. (2015) | ||
| Maize | HPLET-03-36 | Total carotenoid | 6730.0 | – | – | – | Sivaranjani et al. (2013) | ||
| Maize | HPLET-03-37 | Total carotenoid | 6320.0 | – | – | – | Sivaranjani et al. (2013) | ||
| Maize | HPLET-03-35 | Total carotenoid | 5990.0 | – | – | – | Sivaranjani et al. (2013) | ||
| Maize | BLSB-RIL17 | Total carotenoid | 5700.0 | – | – | – | Sivaranjani et al. (2013) | ||
| Maize | BLSB-RIL43 | Total carotenoid | 5670.0 | – | – | – | Sivaranjani et al. (2013) | ||
| Maize | HPLET-03-41 | Total carotenoid | 5610.0 | – | – | – | Sivaranjani et al. (2013) | ||
| Maize | BLSB-RIL95 | Total carotenoid | 5090.0 | – | – | – | Sivaranjani et al. (2013) | ||
| Maize | UMI176 | β-carotene | 580.0 | 48.3 | 16.1 | 12.1 | 5.4 | 6.9 | Safawo et al. (2010) |
| Pearl millet | PT 6129 | β-carotene | 241.7 | 20.1 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | Aarthy et al. (2011) |
| Pearl millet | PT 6129 | Total carotenoid | 899.0 | – | – | – | Jiji et al. (2017) | ||
| Sorghum | PI 585351 | Total carotenoid | 234.3 | – | – | – | Shen et al. (2017) | ||
‡RAE was calculated by converting 12 μg of dietary β-carotene into 1 μg of retinol (REA ratio 12:1); §Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin A was calculated based on daily value (DV) of retinol activity equivalents (RAE) μg/day from 100 g serving of each species. The United States (U.S.), RDAs required RAE 300 μg/day and 400 μg/day for children aged 1–3 years and 4–8 years, respectively; 900 μg/day and 700 μg/day for adults of both men and women, respectively.