Table 6:
In regressions 1–2, we use quasi-binomial logistic regressions (logit link) to examine the association between covariates and households using LPG as their primary cooking fuel. In regressions 3–4, we use generalized linear models (Ordinary Least Squares) with the outcome logarithmized LPG use (kg/month). In regressions 5–6, we use generalized linear models (Ordinary Least Squares) with the outcome firewood use (kg/month). Average marginal effects can be interpreted as a percentage point change in probability of LPG adoption in regressions 1–2 and a percent change in the amount of fuel use when multiplied by 100 in regressions 3–6. Standard errors are adjusted for the village-clustered sampling strategy. Data used come from ACCESS.
| Models Explaining the Use of Cooking Fuels | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Fuel: LPG | Log LPG Use (kg/month) | Log Firewood Use (kg/month) | ||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Decision-Maker: | ||||||
| Ref: Man Household Head | ||||||
| Woman Household Head (=1) | 0.030 | 0.049 | 0.074 | 0.071 | −0.114 | −0.147 |
| (0.047) | (0.045) | (0.046) | (0.047) | (0.095) | (0.094) | |
| Both (=1) | −0.025 | −0.039 | 0.010 | −0.002 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| (0.035) | (0.034) | (0.040) | (0.041) | (0.062) | (0.060) | |
| Monthly Expenditure (Logarithmized) | 0.005 | −0.014 | 0.051* | 0.039 | 0.085* | 0.097* |
| (0.020) | (0.019) | (0.023) | (0.023) | (0.042) | (0.041) | |
| Number of Adults | −0.011* | −0.010* | 0.019** | 0.017** | 0.033** | 0.034** |
| (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.002) | |
| Number of Children | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.026* | 0.029** |
| (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
| Age of Respondent | <−0.001 | <−0.001 | < −0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
| Religion | ||||||
| Ref: Other | ||||||
| Hindu (=1) | −0.129*** | −0.120** | −0.133*** | −0.102** | 0.204* | 0.189* |
| (0.038) | (0.037) | (0.042) | (0.041) | (0.078) | (0.079) | |
| Caste: | ||||||
| Ref: General Caste | ||||||
| Scheduled Caste (=1) | −0.037 | −0.036 | −0.007 | −0.011 | 0.009 | 0.024 |
| (0.041) | (0.061) | (0.043) | (0.041) | (0.070) | (0.069) | |
| Scheduled Tribe (=1) | 0.127 | 0.072 | 0.077 | 0.052 | 0.067 | −0.009 |
| (0.069) | (0.041) | (0.075) | (0.074) | (0.141) | (0.123) | |
| Other Backward Class (=1) | −0.067* | −0.060* | −0.172*** | −0.064*** | −0.066 | −0.048 |
| (0.026) | (0.025) | (0.029) | (0.029) | (0.051) | (0.050) | |
| Household Head Education: | ||||||
| Ref: No Formal Education | ||||||
| Up To 5th Standard (=1) | 0.053 | 0.019 | 0.092 | 0.086 | −0.043 | −0.027 |
| (0.040) | (0.038) | (0.049) | (0.050) | (0.073) | (0.072) | |
| More Than 5th Standard (=1) | 0.075* | 0.050 | 0.137*** | 0.142** | −0.098* | −0.092* |
| (0.038) | (0.034) | (0.047) | (0.048) | (0.079) | (0.078) | |
| State Variables: | ||||||
| Ref: Jharkhand | ||||||
| Bihar (=1) | 0.084 | 0.331** | −0.334*** | |||
| (0.063) | (0.100) | (0.104) | ||||
| Madhya Pradesh (=1) | −0.239*** | −0.102 | −0.145 | |||
| (0.067) | (0.097) | (0.097) | ||||
| Odisha (=1) | <0.001 | −0.022 | 0.408 | |||
| (0.086) | (0.130) | (0.220) | ||||
| Uttar Pradesh (=1) | −0.250*** | 0.083 | −0.157* | |||
| (0.062) | (0.097) | (0.082) | ||||
| West Bengal (=1) | −0.132 | 0.253* | −0.128 | |||
| (0.069) | (0.099) | (0.095) | ||||
| Observations | 1851 | 1851 | 1793 | 1793 | 1317 | 1317 |
| R2 | 0.014 | 0.072 | 0.060 | 0.102 | 0.062 | 0.089 |
Note:
p<0.05
p<0.01
p<0.001
Average Marginal Effects are reported.