. 2020 May 29;11:574. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00574

TABLE 3.

The physiological and kinematic behavior of men and women pooled while walking or running with and without a stroller.

		1% Incline						10% Incline
		Walking (6.0 km/h)	p	Running (8/9 km/h)	p	Running (11/12 km/h)	P	Walking (5.0 km/h)	p	Running (6.5/7.5 km/h)	p	Running (7.5/8.5 km/h)	p
V̇O₂ (mL⋅kg^–1⋅min^–1)	CON	17.5 ± 1.2	0.065	32.0 ± 2.1	<0.001	41.6 ± 3.2	<0.001	26.3 ± 1.4	<0.001	41.7 ± 2.8	<0.001	47.0 ± 3.5	<0.001
	STR	18.7 ± 1.8		34.6 ± 2.7		44.6 ± 4.0		32.4 ± 2.5		50.0 ± 3.9		55.6 ± 4.1
RER	CON	0.89 ± 0.06	1.00	0.87 ± 0.04	1.00	0.94 ± 0.05	0.024	0.87 ± 0.04	1.00	0.92 ± 0.04	0.003	0.93 ± 0.06	<0.001
	STR	0.87 ± 0.06		0.89 ± 0.06		0.96 ± 0.06		0.86 ± 0.05		0.97 ± 0.06		1.00 ± 0.07
Heart rate (bpm)	CON	103 ± 15	1.00	132 ± 17	0.010	157 ± 16	<0.001	119 ± 13	<0.001	150 ± 12	<0.001	163 ± 12	<0.001
	STR	106 ± 15		140 ± 17		164 ± 16		132 ± 12		168 ± 10		180 ± 10
RPE_arms	CON	6 ± 0	1.00	8 ± 1	0.515	9 ± 2	0.545	7 ± 1	<0.001	8 ± 2	<0.001	10 ± 2	<0.001
	STR	7 ± 1		9 ± 2		10 ± 3		9 ± 2		12 ± 2		14 ± 2
RPE_legs	CON	7 ± 1	1.00	10 ± 1	0.217	13 ± 2	0.054	8 ± 1	0.006	12 ± 2	0.011	14 ± 2	<0.001
	STR	8 ± 1		12 ± 2		14 ± 3		10 ± 2		14 ± 2		17 ± 1
RPE_overall	CON	7 ± 1	0.228	9 ± 1	0.179	12 ± 2	0.248	8 ± 1	0.008	12 ± 2	0.016	14 ± 2	<0.001
	STR	8 ± 1		11 ± 2		13 ± 2		10 ± 2		14 ± 2		17 ± 1
Lactate (mmol⋅L^–1)	CON	1.02 ± 0.34	1.00	1.25 ± 0.49	0.341	2.60 ± 1.43	0.002	1.02 ± 0.32	1.00	2.01 ± 0.74	<0.001	2.91 ± 1.26	<0.001
	STR	1.05 ± 0.32		1.52 ± 0.71		3.55 ± 2.01		1.16 ± 0.30		3.86 ± 1.68		7.76 ± 3.36
Stride rate (Hz)	CON	1.97 ± 0.1	0.095	2.68 ± 0.10	0.002	2.74 ± 0.11	<0.001	1.77 ± 0.10	0.040	2.63 ± 0.12	0.035	2.66 ± 0.11	0.001
	STR	2.00 ± 0.11		2.76 ± 0.09		2.86 ± 0.12		1.82 ± 0.13		2.68 ± 0.11		2.75 ± 0.10
Stride length (m)	CON	0.85 ± 0.04	0.093	0.89 ± 0.07	0.003	1.17 ± 0.09	0.011	0.79 ± 0.04	0.046	0.75 ± 0.05	0.037	0.84 ± 0.06	0.002
	STR	0.84 ± 0.04		0.86 ± 0.06		1.10 ± 0.09		0.77 ± 0.05		0.73 ± 0.05		0.82 ± 0.06
ECO (mL⋅kg^–1⋅km^–1)	CON	174 ± 11	0.062	226 ± 18	<0.001	216 ± 16	<0.001	315 ± 17	<0.001	354 ± 16	<0.001	350 ± 18	<0.001
	STR	188 ± 18		245 ± 20		233 ± 20		388 ± 30		425 ± 29		415 ± 26
Gross efficiency (%)	CON							14.9 ± 0.7	<0.001	13.1 ± 0.5	<0.001	13.2 ± 0.6	<0.001
	STR							17.1 ± 0.8		15.3 ± 0.8		15.6 ± 0.7

All values presented are mean ± standard deviations. CON = control condition, walking/running without stroller; STR = stroller walking/running; V̇O₂ = oxygen uptake; RER = respiratory exchange ratio; RPE = rating of perceived exertion; ECO = energetic cost.