Table 1.

Selection of telemedicine and tele-rehabilitation studies in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders from 2015 to 2019

	Author	Year	Study Design	Sample Size	Sample Population	Disease Severity	Authors’ Conclusions
TELEMEDICINE	Beck et al. [10]	2017	Randomized controlled trial	195	Individuals with Parkinson’s disease in the United States	Mean disease duration 8.3 years; mean modified UPDRS Part III 29.5; mean MoCA 26.1 (Virtual care group, n = 97)	Remote care is feasible, convenient, and neither more or less efficacious than in-person care
	Tarolli et al. [19]	2019	Observational study	45	Individuals with atypical parkinsonian syndromes identified via Fox Trial Finder	Mean disease duration 4.2 years; mean UPDRS Part III 40.4; mean MoCA 22.8; 55.6% requiring assistance with ADLs	Virtual diagnosis of atypical parkinsonian syndromes is both feasible and reliable
	Spear et al. [22]	2019	Survey	781	Individuals with Parkinson’s disease in the United States	No disease severity data provided	Interest in telemedicine is high; people consider access to specialty care the top advantage and lack of hands-on care the greatest disadvantage
	Qiang et al. [23]	2015	Survey	137	Patients with Parkinson’s disease at Toronto Western Hospital who were both users and non-users of telehealth	Mean disease duration 14.5 years, 29% with Hoehn and Yahr stage greater than or equal to 3; mean UPDRS Part III 24.2 (Users of telemedicine group, n = 34)	Telemedicine spares patients commute time and money; training of telehealth nurses is a key factor to consider
	Sekimoto et al. [24]	2019	Randomized crossover trial	10	Patients with Parkinson’s disease at Juntendo University Hospital in Tokyo	Mean disease duration 7.3 years; mean Hoehn & Yahr stage 2.0; median UPDRS Part III 22.0	Telemedicine delivered via tablet is successful, leading to comparable outcomes (e.g., PDQ-39, Hoehn and Yahr Stage) as regular in-person visits
TELE-REHABILITATION	Gandolfi et al. [28]	2017	Randomized controlled trial	76	Outpatients with Parkinson’s disease at neurorehabilitation centers in Italy	Mean disease duration 6.2 years; median modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 2.5; mean UPDRS 44.1; mean MMSE 26.8 (Home-based group, n = 38)	Home-based virtual reality balance training is a feasible alternative to in-person exercises for reducing postural instability
	Seidler et al. [29]	2016	Randomized controlled trial	26	Individuals with mild-to-moderate Parkinson’s disease	Mean time since diagnosis 4 years; mean Hoehn & Yahr stage 2.5; mean MMSE 28.5	Virtual instruction of a tango class is feasible and has comparable effects on motor function to in-person instruction
	Griffin et al. [30]	2017	Non-randomized trial	29	Individuals with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and moderate hypokinetic dysarthria	No quantitative disease severity data provided	Lee Silverman Voice Treatment is non-inferior when delivered via iPad compared to in person
	Theodoros et al. [31]	2016	Randomized controlled trial	52	Individuals with Parkinson’s disease and dysarthria from a metropolitan area	Mean time since diagnosis 4.7 years; mean Hoehn & Yahr stage 2 (Online group, n = 36)	Online, home-based speech treatment leads to similar acoustic, perceptual, and quality of life outcomes as in-person treatment
	Quinn et al. [33]	2019	Observational study	8	Individuals with Parkinson’s disease who had previously received LSVT LOUD® treatment	Mean time since diagnosis 4.5 years; mean Hoehn & Yahr stage 1.94; mean MoCA 24.9	Improvements in voice sound pressure level result from group speech therapy delivered via tele-rehabilitation
	Seritan et al. [39]	2019	Observational study	33	Patients with a neurological disease seen by telepsychiatry at an academic center	61% with DBS; 39% with “mild or major” neurocognitive disorder	Telepsychiatry is feasible and leads to high patient satisfaction and greater access to mental health care