Fig. 1.

Mechanisms of dysfunctional coagulation in COVID-19. Dysfunction of ACE2 leads to abnormal RAS activation, which promotes platelet adhesion and aggregation following the invasion of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile, inflammatory cytokines activate the coagulation cascade. COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2, ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, Ang I angiotensin I, Ang II angiotensin II, Ang-(1-9) angiotensin-(1-9), Ang-(1-7) angiotensin-(1-7), AT1R angiotensin II type 1 receptor, RAS renin-angiotensin system, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β interleukin-1β, IL-6 interleukin-6, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker