Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for 603 children with nonglomerular disease in the CKiD study
| Characteristicsa | Overall (n=603) | Normal (>22 meq/L) (n=366) | Low (19–22 meq/L) (n=190) | Very Low (≤18 meq/L) (n=47) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Median age (IQR), yr | 10 (6, 14) | 11 (7, 14) | 9 (5, 13) | 11 (8, 14) |
| Median CKD duration at study entry (IQR), yr | 9 (5, 13) | 10 (6, 13) | 8 (4, 11) | 10 (6, 14) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 404 (67) | 243 (66) | 133 (70) | 28 (60) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 430 (71) | 258 (70) | 140 (74) | 32 (68) |
| Black | 111 (18) | 70 (19) | 33 (17) | 8 (17) |
| Other | 62 (10) | 38 (10) | 17 (9) | 7 (15) |
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 80 (13) | 39 (11) | 32 (17) | 9 (20) |
| Clinical characteristics, n (%) | ||||
| Median height (IQR), z-score | −0.6 (−1.4, 0.2) | −0.4 (−1.2, 0.4) | −0.8 (−1.5, −0.1) | −1.4 (−2.1, −0.6) |
| Hypertensionb | 306 (51) | 166 (45) | 115 (61) | 25 (53) |
| Median eGFR (IQR), ml/min per 1.73 m2c | 50 (36, 62) | 54 (41, 66) | 44 (35, 56) | 34 (28, 44) |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | ||||
| ≥60 | 171 (28) | 132 (36) | 36 (19) | 3 (6) |
| ≥45–60 | 183 (30) | 119 (33) | 57 (30) | 7 (15) |
| ≥30–45 | 178 (30) | 79 (22) | 78 (41) | 21 (45) |
| <30 | 71 (12) | 36 (10) | 19 (10) | 16 (34) |
| Protein/creatinine ratio, mg/mg | ||||
| <0.5 | 375 (62) | 252 (69) | 107 (56) | 16 (34) |
| 0.5–2.0 | 178 (30) | 97 (27) | 58 (31) | 21 (45) |
| ≥2.0 | 50 (8) | 17 (5) | 25 (13) | 10 (21) |
| Median serum albumin (IQR), g/dl | 4.4 (4.2, 4.6) | 4.4 (4.2, 4.6) | 4.4 (4.2, 4.6) | 4.4 (4.0, 4.5) |
| Hypoalbuminemiad | 12 (2) | 5 (1) | 4 (2) | 3 (6) |
| Anemiae | 135 (22) | 66 (18) | 49 (26) | 20 (43) |
| Hyperphosphatemiaf | 75 (12) | 36 (10) | 28 (15) | 11 (23) |
| Hyperkalemiag | 45 (7) | 16 (4) | 21 (11) | 8 (17) |
| Hypocalcemiah | 8 (1) | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Alkali therapy usei | 183 (30) | 98 (27) | 65 (34) | 20 (43) |
| Adherencej | 148/174 (85) | 80/92 (87) | 53/63 (84) | 15/19 (79) |
| Growth hormone use | 68 (11) | 30 (8) | 28 (15) | 10 (21) |
Missing data include CKD onset date: n=4, Hispanic: n=8, height z-score: n=18, and potassium: n=1.
Hypertension was defined as either systolic or diastolic BP ≥95th percentile for age, sex, height, or prior medical diagnosis.
eGFR on the basis of the 2012 CKD in Children study equation.
Hypoalbuminemia was defined as albumin <3.8 g/dl.
Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <5th percentile for age, sex, and race.
Phosphate was centered around 4.5 mg/dl.
Hyperkalemia was defined as potassium >5.2 mmol/L.
Hypocalcemia was defined as calcium <8.5 mg/dl.
Alkali therapy includes sodium bicarbonate and citrate/citric acid alkalizing agents.
Adherence defined as missing more than one dose of prescribed medication in the past 7 days.