Table 2.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for 255 children with glomerular disease in the CKiD study
| Characteristicsa | Overall (n=255) | Normal (>22 meq/L) (n=176) | Low (19–22 meq/L) (n=61) | Very Low (≤18 meq/L) (n=18) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Median age (IQR), yr | 14 (11, 16) | 14 (12, 16) | 13 (8, 16) | 15 (14, 17) |
| Median CKD duration at study entry (IQR), yr | 4 (1, 8) | 4 (1, 9) | 4 (2, 6) | 4 (2, 6) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 138 (54) | 93 (53) | 36 (59) | 9 (50) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 135 (53) | 99 (56) | 32 (52) | 4 (22) |
| Black | 77 (30) | 57 (32) | 14 (23) | 6 (33) |
| Other | 43 (17) | 20 (11) | 15 (25) | 8 (44) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 40 (16) | 19 (11) | 17 (29) | 4 (22) |
| Clinical characteristics, n (%) | ||||
| Median height (IQR), z-score | −0.2 (−1.0, 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.8, 0.7) | −0.5 (−1.6, 0.2) | −1.0 (−1.6, −0.2) |
| Hypertensionb | 154 (60) | 98 (56) | 43 (70) | 13 (72) |
| Median eGFR (IQR), ml/min per 1.73 m2c | 61 (45, 77) | 65 (51, 82) | 56 (35, 64) | 38 (32, 49) |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | ||||
| ≥60 | 135 (53) | 108 (61) | 25 (41) | 2 (11) |
| ≥45–60 | 56 (22) | 38 (22) | 13 (21) | 5 (28) |
| ≥30–45 | 45 (18) | 23 (13) | 15 (25) | 7 (39) |
| <30 | 19 (7) | 7 (4) | 8 (13) | 4 (22) |
| Protein/creatinine ratio, mg/mg | ||||
| <0.5 | 112 (44) | 81 (46) | 25 (41) | 6 (33) |
| 0.5–2.0 | 82 (32) | 61 (35) | 19 (31) | 2 (11) |
| ≥2.0 | 61 (24) | 34 (19) | 17 (28) | 10 (56) |
| Median serum albumin (IQR), g/dl | 4.2 (3.7, 4.4) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.5) | 4.1 (3.6, 4.4) | 3.6 (2.9, 4.3) |
| Hypoalbuminemiad | 69 (27) | 43 (24) | 17 (28) | 9 (50) |
| Anemiae | 93 (36) | 57 (32) | 27 (44) | 9 (50) |
| Hyperphosphatemiaf | 62 (24) | 35 (20) | 16 (26) | 11 (61) |
| Hyperkalemiag | 20 (8) | 5 (3) | 10 (16) | 5 (28) |
| Hypocalcemiah | 31 (12) | 12 (7) | 10 (16) | 9 (50) |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Alkali therapyi use | 29 (11) | 15 (9) | 10 (16) | 4 (22) |
| Adherencej | 24/27 (89) | 13/14 (93) | 9/10 (90) | 2/3 (67) |
| Growth hormone use | 7 (3) | 3 (2) | 4 (7) | 0 (0) |
Missing data include CKD onset date: n=7, Hispanic: n=4, height z-score: n=3, and potassium: n=2.
Hypertension was defined as either systolic or diastolic BP ≥95th percentile for age, sex, height, or prior medical diagnosis.
eGFR on the basis of the 2012 CKD in Childhood study equation.
Hypoalbuminemia was defined as albumin <3.8 g/dl.
Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <5th percentile for age, sex, and race.
Phosphate was centered around 4.5 mg/dl.
Hyperkalemia was defined as potassium >5.2 mmol/L.
Hypocalcemia was defined as calcium <8.5 mg/dl.
Alkali therapy includes sodium bicarbonate and citrate/citric acid alkalizing agents.
Adherence defined as missing more than one dose of prescribed medication in the past 7 days.