Table 2.
Chemicals significantly associated with albuminuria in an environment-wide association study
| Environmental Chemicals | Meta-Analysis (Discovery Data Set) | Meta-Analysis (Validation Data Set) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | FDR | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Metal (blood) | ||||
| Cadmium | 1.28 (1.20 to 1.36) | 6.28×10−11 | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27) | 9.03×10−4 |
| Cotinines | ||||
| Cotinine, serum | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.25) | 2.55×10−4 | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.15) | 3.73×10−2 |
| Nitrosamine metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), urine | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.34) | 5.50×10−3 | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) | 2.93×10−2 |
| Per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances | ||||
| Perfluorooctanoic acid, serum | 0.69 (0.57 to 0.83) | 3.05×10−3 | 0.68 (0.58 to 0.80) | 1.86×10−2 |
| Volatile organic compounds (blood) | ||||
| Blood 2,5-dimethylfuran | 1.26 (1.11 to 1.42) | 5.50×10−3 | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.28) | 3.78×10−2 |
A total of 262 chemicals were evaluated, and only those that met an FDR<1% in the discovery cohort and P<0.05 in the validation cohort are included in the table. Albuminuria is defined as urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Each chemical is evaluated per SD increment in log-transformed blood concentration or log-transformed chemical-to-creatinine ratio. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; FDR, false discovery rate.