Table 2.
Baseline characteristics
| Total cohort (N = 965) |
ACEI/ARB (n = 213 [21.8%]) |
No ACEI/ARB (n = 755 [78.2%]) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Days with symptoms | 6.1 ± 4.6 | 5.9 ± 4.3 | 6.2 ± 4.7 | .418 |
| Fever, % | 59.9 | 59.5 | 60.0 | .901 |
| SaO2 < 95%, % | 22.4 | 31.9 | 19.7 | < .001 |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 59.5 ± 20.3 | 72.1 ± 13.2 | 56.0 ± 20.5 | < .001 |
| Female sex, % | 56.1 | 43.8 | 59.5 | < .001 |
| Obesity, % | 6.6 | 16.7 | 3.8 | < .001 |
| Health workers, % | 13.1 | 4.3 | 15.5 | < .001 |
| Institutionalized, % | 11.4 | 12.4 | 11.1 | .613 |
| Dementia, % | 7.4 | 5.7 | 7.8 | .302 |
| Care dependency, % | 14.1 | 16.7 | 13.4 | .226 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Active smokers, % | 2.4 | 0.0 | 3.0 | .010 |
| Hypertension, % | 30.9 | 98.6 | 12.1 | < .001 |
| Diabetes, % | 12.8 | 27.6 | 8.7 | < .001 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 28.2 | 60.0 | 19.3 | < .001 |
| Peripheral artery disease, % | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.5 | < .001 |
| Heart disease | ||||
| Coronary artery disease, % | 4.4 | 11.4 | 2.4 | < .001 |
| Depressed LVEF, % | 1.6 | 4.8 | 0.7 | < .001 |
| Significant valvulopathy, % | 1.8 | 5.7 | 0.7 | < .001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 3.8 | 8.6 | 2.5 | < .001 |
| Lung disease | ||||
| Pulmonary disease, % | 11.9 | 12.9 | 11.7 | .635 |
| COPD/asthma, % | 8.9 | 7.6 | 9.3 | .457 |
| OSAHS, % | 2.5 | 5.2 | 1.7 | .004 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| GFR< 30 mL/min, % | 3.0 | 6.7 | 2.0 | .001 |
| Stroke/TIA, % | 3.1 | 5.7 | 2.4 | .014 |
| Active cancer, % | 2.5 | 3.8 | 2.1 | .164 |
| Hypothyroidism, % | 4.8 | 2.9 | 5.3 | .142 |
| Autoimmune disease, % | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.8 | .673 |
| Laboratory tests (admitted patients only) | ||||
| pO2 < 60 mmHg, % | 30.9 | 43.9 | 26.9 | < .001 |
| pCO2 > 45 mmHg, % | 2.2 | 3.8 | 1.8 | .129 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.2 ± 1.9 | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 13.4 ± 1.8 | .071 |
| Leukocytes, x 1000/μL | 6.5 ± 3.5 | 6.3 ± 3.6 | 6.6 ± 3.4 | .551 |
| Lymphocytes, x 1000/μL | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | .352 |
| Platelets, x 1000/μL | 199.4 ± 97.0 | 195.6 ± 88.6 | 201.2 ± 101.0 | .658 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | .019 |
| Troponin, ng/mL | 0.12 ± 0.43 | 0.14 ± 0.38 | 0.11 ± 0.46 | .595 |
| Elevated troponin levels, % | 18.2 | 25.9 | 14.5 | .028 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 2720.2 ± 10 247.8 | 2537.9 ± 5008.7 | 2809.7 ± 12 025.8 | .846 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 914.8 ± 990.6 | 969.1 ± 965.8 | 886.3 ± 1005.5 | .559 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 11.9 ± 13.3 | 13.6 ± 12.0 | 11.1 ± 13.9 | .164 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 112.5 ± 407.0 | 110.2 ± 285.4 | 113.7 ± 457.9 | .955 |
| Previous treatment | ||||
| Antiplatelet therapy, % | 9.9 | 23.8 | 6.1 | < .001 |
| Anticoagulation, % | 5.7 | 13.8 | 3.4 | < .001 |
| Beta-blockers, % | 9.1 | 26.2 | 4.4 | < .001 |
| Corticoids, % | 3.7 | 2.4 | 4.1 | .243 |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; OSAHS, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; pCO2,partial pressure of carbon dioxide; pO2, partial pressure of oxygen; SaO2, arterial oxygen saturation; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
Values are expressed as No. (%) or mean ± standard deviation.