Table 5.
Association between ACE/ARB and mortality and heart failure in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection
| Events | Mortality | Heart failure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | ||||||
| OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
| ACE/ARB | 1.00 | 0.41-2.45 | 1.000 | 1.22 | 0.58-2.57 | .605 |
| ACE/ARB ≥ 1 y | 1.05 | 0.42-2.67 | .912 | 1.02 | 0.46-2.26 | .958 |
| ACE | 0.62 | 0.14-2.77 | .528 | 2.01 | 0.79-5.15 | .145 |
| ACE ≥1 y | 0.39 | 0.05-3.05 | .370 | 2.37 | 0.86-6.54 | .097 |
| ARB | 1.26 | 0.47-3.36 | .647 | 0.73 | 0.28-1.87 | .729 |
| ARB ≥ 1 y | 1.51 | 0.56-4.05 | .415 | 0.51 | 0.17-1.54 | .513 |
| Multivariate analysis* | ||||||
| OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
| ACE/ARB | 1.04 | 0.16-6.57 | .966 | 1.53 | 0.33-6.98 | .583 |
| ACE/ARB ≥ 1 y | 1.13 | 0.15-8.53 | .907 | 0.55 | 0.11-2.65 | .459 |
| ACE | 0.58 | 0.04-9.45 | .699 | 3.82 | 0.73-20.09 | .114 |
| ACE ≥ 1 y | 0.02 | 0.00-1.95 | .094 | 3.65 | 0.60-9.40 | .194 |
| ARB | 1.38 | 0.20-9.40 | .745 | 0.50 | 0.10-2.39 | .385 |
| ARB ≥ 1 y | 4.75 | 0.49-45.68 | .177 | 0.17 | 0.03-1.09 | .062 |
| Propensity score matching | ||||||
| OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
| ACE/ARB | 1.00 | 0.23-4.45 | 1.000 | 1.30 | 0.31-5.44 | .717 |
| ACE/ARB ≥ 1 y | 1.50 | 0.34-6.70 | .596 | 1.16 | 0.28-4.86 | .839 |
| ACE | 1.75 | 0.30-10.27 | .535 | 1.46 | 0.26-8.38 | .668 |
| ACE ≥ 1 y | 1.05 | 0.11-10.06 | .968 | 0.90 | 0.10-8.48 | .924 |
| ARB | 0.59 | 0.11-3.25 | .547 | 0.94 | 0.21-4.24 | .937 |
| ARB ≥ 1 y | 1.54 | 0.32-7.33 | .586 | 1.25 | 0.27-5.70 | .773 |
95%CI, 95% confidence interval; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; OR, odds ratio.
Adjusted for variables with P < .05 in the univariate analysis (fever, arterial oxygen saturation < 95%, age, sex, obesity, health care worker, dependency, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary disease, renal impairment, stroke/transient ischemic attack, hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, creatinine, increased troponin, D-dimer, ferritin, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 (table 1 of the supplementary data).