Table 6.
Multivariate associations between HIV vulnerability profiles and HIV status, and sexual and reproductive health outcomes among out-of-school 15- to 24-year-old women, Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia, 2016–2017
| Kenya (N = 1014) | Malawi (N = 1653) | Zambia (N = 846) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV vulnerability profile | HIV vulnerability profile | HIV vulnerability profile | |||||||
| Low HIV vulnerability | High HIV vulnerability | p value | Low HIV vulnerability | High HIV vulnerability | p value | Low HIV vulnerability | High HIV vulnerability | p value | |
| HIV positive (%) | 3.8 | 11.3 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 3.2 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 2.75 (1.62–4.67) | < 0.001 | Ref | 1.61 (0.74–3.51) | 0.230 | Ref | 1.25 (0.56–2.79) | 0.586 |
| Sexually transmitted infection symptoms (%) | 18.8 | 26.9 | 26.4 | 34.4 | 14.9 | 14.9 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.57 (1.14–2.15) | 0.005 | Ref | 1.44 (1.16–1.78) | 0.001 | Ref | 1.00 (0.68–1.47) | 0.99 |
| First sex ≤ 15 years (%) (Kenya = 896; Malawi = 1569; Zambia = 626) | 37.4 | 47.7 | 30.1 | 34.9 | 11.4 | 22.3 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.73 (1.29–2.31) | < 0.001 | Ref | 1.24 (1.00–1.54) | 0.046 | Ref | 2.15 (1.37–3.37) | 0.001 |
| Pregnancy experience (%) | 67 | 89.9 | 82.5 | 90.4 | 40.2 | 52.1 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 3.71 (2.45–5.61) | < 0.001 | Ref | 2.19 (1.63–2.95) | < 0.001 | Ref | 2.03 (1.50–2.74) | < 0.001 |
| Engaged in transactional sex (%) (Kenya = 930; Malawi = 1569; Zambia = 628) | 5.2 | 7.9 | 2.5 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 8.6 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.72 (0.99–2.97) | 0.054 | Ref | 1.74 (0.98–3.10) | 0.058 | Ref | 2.66 (1.27–5.57) | 0.009 |
| Multiple sexual partners (%) (Kenya = 675; Malawi = 1192; Zambia = 360) | 11.6 | 24.7 | 15.4 | 17.4 | 4.9 | 8.7 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 2.75 (1.79–4.22) | < 0.001 | Ref | 1.16 (0.84–1.60) | 0.357 | Ref | 1.84 (0.77–4.38) | 0.17 |
| HIV test in the past 12 months (%) | 94.8 | 96 | 93.1 | 96.5 | 70 | 70.4 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.16 (0.60–2.24) | 0.661 | Ref | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 0.484 | Ref | 1.10 (0.81–1.48) | 0.555 |
| Condom use at last sex (%) (Kenya = 675; Malawi = 1439; Zambia = 324) | 34 | 30.5 | 16.9 | 18.6 | 43.3 | 27 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 0.6 | Ref | 1.11 (0.84–1.46) | 0.448 | Ref | 0.45 (0.28–0.72) | 0.001 |
| Experienced sexual violence from intimate partners (%) (Kenya = 684; Malawi = 1561; Zambia = 654) | 12.8 | 29.5 | 16.5 | 19 | 18.5 | 30.3 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 2.79 (1.87–4.17) | < 0.001 | Ref | 1.12 (0.86–1.46) | 0.417 | 1.90 (1.32–2.74) | 0.001 | |
| Experienced of physical violence from intimate partners (%) (Kenya = 684; Malawi = 1561; Zambia = 654) | 23.8 | 43.3 | 14.7 | 17.3 | 21.8 | 37.3 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 2.31 (1.62–3.30) | < 0.001 | Ref | 1.26 (0.95–1.66) | 0.1 | 2.21 (1.56–3.12) | < 0.001 | |
| Experienced sexual violence from non-intimate partners (%) | 16.9 | 26.9 | 7.9 | 10.4 | 17.6 | 15.1 | |||
| AOR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.94 (1.40–2.69) | < 0.001 | Ref | 1.36 (0.95–1.92) | 0.087 | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) | 0.315 | |
AOR Adjusted odds ratios. All regression estimates are based on multilevel model and adjusted for the cluster structure (district) and age