Figure 4.

Effect of AMPK Modulators on RA-FLS Proliferation

(A) An MTT assay was used to determine the effects of metformin on RA-FLS viability. Metformin inhibited RA-FLS proliferation at 5 and 10 mM, whereas at 1 mM it has an opposite effect compared to the control group (n = 5). (B) This result was confirmed by using even lower concentration of metformin (n = 5). (C) Dorsomorphin promoted FLS proliferation significantly at 5 and 10 μM compared to the control group after culturing for 36 h (n = 5). A representative example from three independent experiments is shown. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.