Table 1.
Mechanisms of different CVD risk factors in the aggravation of COVID-19
| CVD risk factors | Potential mechanisms for aggravation of COVID-19 infection |
|---|---|
| DM | Increased expression of ACE2 129,131,132 |
| Underlying kidney disease 163 | |
| Underlying coronary artery disease 161 | |
| Impaired immunity 162 | |
| HTN | Increased expression of ACE2 106,107,160 |
| Underlying diastolic dysfunction 164 | |
| Underlying coronary artery disease 161 | |
| Underlying kidney disease 163 | |
| Smoking | Underlying coronary artery disease 161 |
| Decreased respiratory compliance 167 | |
| Decreased functional capacity 167 | |
| Underlying HTN 167 | |
| Impaired immunity 111,112 | |
| Old age | Underlying cardiovascular disease 161 |
| Impaired immunity 166 | |
| Obesity | Decreased respiratory reserve 125 |
| Decreased functional capacity 125 | |
| Underlying diabetes 165 | |
| Underlying coronary artery disease 161 | |
| Underlying HTN 165 | |
| Increased inflammatory cytokines125 |