Table 2:
Coding scheme for caregiver behaviors
| Caregiver behaviors | Coding scheme | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proximity | (a) Proximity- initiating bids | Instances where caregivers moved closer to the infant | - Scooting towards infant in sitting - Taking steps towards infant - Leaning body closer to infant greater than half the distance between them and infant - Pulling infant towards themselves - Reaching out to infant greater than half way the distance between infant and the caregiver |
| Gestures/ Actions | (a) Object-directed | Actions performed on toys to demonstrate object affordances | - Showing toy to the infant - Showing how a rattle makes a sound, or a koosh ball’s threads can be pulled or a box can be opened |
| (b) Directive | Actions to solicit child’s attention and directive/controlling behaviors with regard to ensuring infant compliance | - Touching infant’s body like a tap on the shoulder to get their attention - Waving to the infant to get their attention - Banging an object on the floor to get the infant’s attention - Removing/grabbing toys from child’s hand - Positioning hand close to infant to catch objects dropped by infant |
|
| (c) Affirmative | Gestures to applaud and reinforce child’s play | - Clapping - Waving hands up high |
|
| (d) Requesting/ Accepting | Actions to coax infants to approach caregiver and/or share objects with them |
- Pointing to objects - Using hands to ask for toys - Beckoning gestures to ask infant to move towards mom |
|
| Speech | (a) Action or information- related | Speech to explain the task, actions involved in the task, or words to describe toys/objects | - “Let’s put the toys away” - “It is clean up time now” - “Give the toy to Mom. I am going to put it away” - “Oh this is a squeaky rattle” - “That is an orange ball” |
| (b) Attention seeking | Words or phrases to get the child’s attention | - “Child name!” - “Look at mommy” - “Child name, look here, look at the toy” |
|
| (c) Affirmative | Words to encourage and reinforce the infant | - “Good job cleaning up!” - “There you go, you did it!” - “Very nice job giving the toy to Mommy!” |
|
| (d) Prohibitive | Words to prohibit the infant from doing certain actions |
- “No, don’t eat the toy” - “No touching the wires” |