Table 3.
Univariate linear regression analysis of correlates of HRQoL among adults receiving cART in Coastal Kenya
| Independent variables | β-coefficient (95% CI) of HRQoL domains and overall scale as dependent variables | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Physical wellbeing domain | Emotional wellbeing domain | Functional Global wellbeing domain | Social wellbeing domain | Cognitive function domain | Overall HRQoL | |
| Age | 450 | −0.03 (− 0.12, 0.06) | 0.11** (0.03, 0.19) | 0.10*** (0.03, 0.17) | 0.07** (0.01, 0.13) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.27** (0.03, 0.50) |
| Sex | 450 | ||||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Male | 3.69*** (1.62, 5.77) | 1.33* (−0.59,3.24) | 1.17* (− 0.43, 2.78) | 1.87** (0.46, 3.29) | 0.49* (− 0.15, 1.14) | 8.56*** (3.01, 14.10) | |
| Marital status | 450 | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | −.165* (−3.47, 0.17) | −2.32** (− 3.98, − 0.67) | −1.87** (− 3.25, − 0.48) | −1.70** (− 2.93, − 0.48) | − 0.25 (− 0.81, 0.32) | −7.79*** (− 12.60, − 2.98) | |
| Never married | 0.18 (− 2.53, 2.90) | − 3.07** (− 5.54, − 0.61) | −2.84** (− 4.91, − 0.77) | − 3.06** (− 4.88, − 1.24) | − 0.66* (− 1.50, 0.18) | −9.45** (− 16.63, − 2.27) | |
| Education | 450 | ||||||
| Tertiary | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Secondary | −2.88 (− 7.25, 1.50) | − 2.02 (−6.09, 2.06) | 0.68 (− 2.74, 4.10) | − 0.11 (− 3.13, 2.92) | 0.26 (− 1.12, 1.63) | − 4.06 (− 15.91, 7.79) | |
| Primary | −4.17** (−8.13, − 0.21) | − 1.36 (− 5.04, 2.33) | 1.09 (− 2.00, 4.19) | 0.65 (− 2.09, 3.39) | 0.49 (− 0.75, 1.74) | − 3.30** (− 14.02, 7.42) | |
| None | −7.00** (− 11.12, − 2.89) | −2.66* (− 6.49, 1.17) | 0.38 (− 2.83, 3.59) | 0.02 (− 2.83, 2.87) | 0.01 (− 1.29, 1.29) | − 9.26* (− 20.40, 1.88) | |
| Employment | 450 | ||||||
| Formally employed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Self-employed | −1.25 (− 4.22, 1.72) | − 0.70 (− 3.45, 2.04) | − 0.04 (− 2.33, 2.26) | 0.32 (− 1.70, 2.35) | 0.26 (− 0.67, 1.19) | −1.41 (− 9.38, 6.56) | |
| Other forms of employment | − 0.10 (− 6.04, 5.84) | 1.42 (− 4.07, 6.92) | 0.52 (− 4.07, 5.11) | 4.96** (0.91, 9.01) | 0.95 (− 0.90, 2.80) | 7.75 (− 8.20, 23.71) | |
| Unemployed | −3.35** (− 6.05, − 0.66) | − 0.44 (− 2.94, 2.05) | −1.33 (− 3.41, 0.75) | 0.01 (− 1.83, 1.84) | − 0.04 (− 0.88, 0.80) | − 5.16* (− 12.39, 2.08) | |
| Currently living with | 450 | ||||||
| Family | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Relative/friend | −1.22 (−7.02, 4.58) | −.191 (− 5.48, 5.10) | 0.80 (−3.65, 5.24) | − 1.79 (− 5.71, 2.13) | − 0.90 (− 2.69, 0.88) | −3.31 (− 18.77, 12.15) | |
| Alone | 0.43 (− 1.94, 2.80) | −1.99* (− 4.15, 0.18) | −1.02 (− 2.83, 0.80) | −1.66** (− 3.26, − 0.05) | − 0.66** (− 1.39, 0.07) | − 4.90* (− 11.22, 1.43) | |
| Socioeconomic asset index | 450 | 0.79** (0.17, 1.41) | 0.10 (− 0.47, 0.67) | 0.46* (− 0.02, 0.94) | 0.55** (0.13, 0.98) | 0.07 (− 0.13, 0.26) | 1.96** (0.31, 3.62) |
| Currently smoking | 449 | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | −1.34 (− 4.20, 1.53) | − 0.67 (−3.30, 1.96) | − 0.48 (− 2.68, 1.73) | − 0.23 (− 2.18, 1.73) | − 0.27 (− 1.15, 0.61) | −2.98 (− 10.65, 4.69) | |
| Current khat use | 450 | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | 3.55* (−0.57, 7.67) | 3.16* (− 0.62, 6.93) | 1.61 (−1.56, 4.78) | 0.47 (−2.34, 3.28) | − 0.03 (− 1.31, 1.24) | 8.75 (− 2.27, 19.78) | |
| Current alcohol use | 449 | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.59 (−1.10, 4.27) | −0.11 (− 2.58, 2.36) | 0.54 (− 1.52, 2.61) | − 0.40 (− 2.23, 1.43) | 0.05 (− 0.78, 0.88) | 1.68 (− 5.52, 8.87) | |
| Disclosure | 450 | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| No | −2.61* (−6.19, 0.97) | −6.44*** (−9.67, −3.21) | −4.06*** (− 6.79, −1.33) | −5.04*** (− 7.43, − 2.64) | −0.36 (− 1.46, 0.75) | −18.50*** (− 27.94, − 9.06) | |
| Clinic accessible | 448 | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| No | −3.39** (−5.85, −0.94) | − 3.05** (− 5.30, − 0.80) | −3.09*** (−4.96, −1.21) | − 2.20** (− 3.86, − 0.53) | −1.43*** (− 2.18, − 0.67) | −13.15*** (− 19.66, − 6.64) | |
| Satisfaction with current care | 449 | ||||||
| Satisfied | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Not satisfied | −1.48 (− 5.71, 2.76) | −0.91 (−4.80, 2.97) | − 4.21** (−7.44, − 0.98) | −4.19*** (− 7.05, − 1.33) | − 0.17 (− 1.49, 1.14) | −10.97* (− 22.27, 0.32) | |
| Any current opportunistic infection | 450 | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | −3.30*** (−5.47, −1.12) | −4.01*** (− 5.99, −2.03) | − 1.37* (− 3.06, 0.31) | −0.25 (− 1.74, 1.24) | − 0.27 (− 0.95, 0.41) | −9.20*** (− 15.01, − 3.39) | |
| Any current chronic illness | 450 | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | −2.45* (−5.53, 0.66) | −0.77 (− 3.62, 2.06) | −0.46 (− 2.84, 1.92) | −1.23 (− 3.34, 0.87) | − 0.26 (− 1.22, 0.70) | −5.17 (− 13.45, 3.11) | |
| Depressive symptom | 450 | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | − 12.85*** (− 15.02, − 10.69) | −12.21*** (− 14.17, − 10.25) | −6.82*** (− 8.61, − 5.03) | − 2.66*** (−4.32, − 1.00) | − 3.20*** (− 3.90, − 2.49) | −37.75*** (− 43.35, − 32.15) | |
| HIV stigma | 450 | − 0.37*** (− 0.47, − 0.26) | − 0.54*** (− 0.62, − 0.45) | −0.20*** (− 0.28, − 0.11) | −0.22*** (− 0.29, − 0.15) | −0.11*** (− 0.14, − 0.07) | −1.42*** (− 1.69, − 1.16) |
| Duration since HIV diagnosis | 450 | − 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.01) | 0.01* (− 0.01, 0.03) | −0.01 (− 0.02, 0.01) | −0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01) | −0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.04) |
| Duration on cART | 450 | 0.01 (−.01, 0.02) | 0.02** (0.01, 0.04) | −0.01 (− 0.02, 0.01) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01) | −0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01) | 0.02 (− 0.02, 0.07) |
| cART regimen | 446 | ||||||
| First line | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Second line | −1.14 (− 5.19, 2.90) | − 4.24** (− 7.93, − 0.55) | 1.01 (− 2.08, 4.11) | 0.98 (− 1.78, 3.73) | − 0.72 (− 1.97, 0.53) | −4.11 (− 14.93, 6.71) | |
| ART adherence | 450 | ||||||
| High | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Medium/ Low | −4.92*** (− 8.15, −1.68) | − 5.02*** (−7.97, − 2.06) | −1.66* (− 4.17, 0.84) | 0.85 (− 1.37, 3.07) | −1.40*** (− 2.41, −0.40) | −12.15*** (− 20.81, − 3.48) | |
| Viral Load | 305 | ||||||
| ≤1000 copies | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| > 1000 copies | −0.15 (− 3.12, 2.83) | −1.65 (−4.39, 1.09) | − 2.18* (− 4.57, 0.21) | 0.48 (− 1.66, 2.63) | −0.74* (− 1.71, 0.23) | −4.24 (− 12.29, 3.81) | |
| WHO staging | 445 | ||||||
| Stage 1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Stage 2 | −0.83 (−4.80, 3.13) | −1.24 (− 4.87, 2.39) | −2.37* (− 5.40, 0.65) | 0.90 (− 1.80, 3.60) | 0.62 (− 0.60, 1.84) | − 2.92 (− 13.51, 7.67) | |
| Stage 3 | 4.17 (− 6.38, 14.67) | 5.08 (− 4.54, 14.70) | 3.61 (− 4.40, 11.62) | 4.40 (− 2.74, 11.55) | 0.87 (− 2.37, 4.10) | 18.13 (−9.92, 46.17) | |
| Stage 4 | 2.17 (−8.34, 12.67) | 5.41 (− 4.20, 15.03) | 1.28 (− 6.73, 9.29) | 0.07 (−7.08, 7.22) | − 2.13 (− 5.37, 1.10) | 6.79 (− 21.25, 34.84) | |
| Physician empathy | 450 | 0.37** (0.11, 0.62) | 0.31** (0.07, 0.54) | 0.73*** (0.54, 0.91) | 0.68*** (0.52, 0.84) | 0.15*** (0.07, 0.23) | 2.23*** (1.58, 2.89) |
| BMI | 446 | 0.29*** (0.11, 0.46) | 0.20** (0.04, 0.36) | 0.23*** (0.10, 0.37) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.17) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.09) | 0.80*** (0.33, 1.27) |
HRQoL health-related quality of life, cART combination antiretroviral therapy, BMI body mass index
*p < 0.20
**p < 0.05
***p < 0.01