Fig. 5.

TLR2+IFN-γ-activated MSC most enhanced Th1 response, and correspondingly inhibited Th2 response in vitro, and TLR4+IFN-γ-activated MSC moderately increased Th1 response and decreased Th2 response. Spleen cells from infected mice were cultured with MSC, TLR4-activated MSC, or TLR2-activated MSC in the presence of SEA in vitro. Three days later, the culture supernatant was analyzed for IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-5 by ELISA. Results are mean ± SEM of five mice in each group and are representative of two repeat experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001