Table 1.
Age-Standardized mortality rates per 100,000 people for 116 diseases in Hakka, Canton and Hoklo cultural regions, in 2005 and 2015
| Cause of death | Hakka culture region | Canton culture region | Hoklo culture region | P value for region difference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2015 | Change | 2005 | 2015 | Change | 2005 | 2015 | Change | ||
| All cause of death | 585.96 | 468.52 | −20.04%* | 449.56 | 360.02 | −19.92%* | 591.81 | 453.63 | −23.35%* | < 0.0001# |
| Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | 37.49 | 32.91 | −12.23% | 27.13 | 23.74 | −12.50%# | 37.18 | 33.98 | −8.61% | < 0.0001# |
| HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis | 9.47 | 8.90 | −6.02% | 5.14 | 4.26 | −17.29% | 8.44 | 8.00 | −5.18% | < 0.0001# |
| Tuberculosis | 8.22 | 7.21 | −12.33% | 3.55 | 2.37 | −33.43%* | 7.02 | 6.07 | −13.50% | < 0.0001# |
| HIV/AIDS | 1.25 | 1.69 | 35.48%* | 1.59 | 1.89 | 18.76%* | 1.42 | 1.93 | 35.94%* | 0.023# |
| Diarrhoea, lower respiratory and other common infectious diseases | 18.57 | 15.69 | −15.51% | 15.14 | 12.53 | −17.26%* | 18.99 | 16.64 | −12.36%* | 0.081 |
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 2.72 | 2.00 | −26.56% | 2.33 | 1.56 | −33.13%* | 3.05 | 2.25 | −26.22% | 0.012# |
| Intestinal infectious diseases | 1.39 | 0.87 | −36.96%* | 1.11 | 0.80 | −27.99% | 1.35 | 0.93 | −31.07% | 0.047# |
| Lower respiratory infections | 6.20 | 8.82 | 42.34%* | 5.81 | 7.49 | 28.77%* | 6.34 | 9.30 | 46.72%* | 0.029# |
| Meningitis | 4.28 | 2.39 | −44.22%* | 3.00 | 1.58 | −47.32%* | 4.70 | 2.63 | −44.11%* | 0.012# |
| Measles | 2.89 | 0.91 | −68.50%* | 2.03 | 0.54 | −73.45%* | 2.47 | 0.77 | −68.73%* | < 0.0001# |
| Neglected tropical diseases and malaria | 0.58 | 0.21 | −64.46%* | 0.57 | 0.28 | −50.63%* | 0.78 | 0.23 | −70.29%* | < 0.0001# |
| Malaria | 0.04 | 0.03 | −31.20% | 0.04 | 0.02 | −54.96% | 0.04 | 0.03 | −27.96% | 0.531 |
| Rabies | 0.43 | 0.12 | −71.99%* | 0.43 | 0.18 | −58.46%* | 0.58 | 0.13 | −77.01%* | < 0.0001# |
| Intestinal nematode infections | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | – |
| Maternal disorders | 0.21 | 0.05 | −74.73%* | 0.31 | 0.10 | −67.48%* | 0.23 | 0.06 | −74.73%* | 0.801 |
| Neonatal disorders | 5.42 | 5.87 | 8.27%* | 4.15 | 5.30 | 27.69% | 5.76 | 7.05 | 22.35% | 0.084 |
| Nutritional deficiencies | 1.11 | 1.19 | 7.55%* | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.09% | 1.07 | 1.13 | 6.26%* | < 0.002# |
| Iron-deficiency anaemia | 0.01 | 0.01 | −2.44% | 0.01 | 0.01 | −16.07% | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.82% | 0.828 |
| Other communicable, maternal,neonatal, and nutritional diseases | 2.14 | 1.00 | −53.14%* | 1.00 | 0.46 | −53.99%* | 1.92 | 0.87 | −54.73%* | < 0.0001# |
| Sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV | 0.42 | 0.21 | −49.89%* | 0.40 | 0.12 | −70.19%* | 0.44 | 0.23 | −48.51%* | 0.548 |
| Hepatitis | 1.53 | 0.64 | −58.25%* | 0.51 | 0.26 | −49.61%* | 1.30 | 0.50 | −61.96%* | < 0.0001# |
| Acute hepatitis A | 0.31 | 0.17 | −45.87% | 0.17 | 0.09 | −49.44%* | 0.31 | 0.15 | −50.26%* | 0.476 |
| Acute hepatitis B | 0.91 | 0.33 | −63.40%* | 0.21 | 0.11 | −47.90%* | 0.72 | 0.23 | −67.30%* | < 0.0001# |
| Acute hepatitis C | 0.12 | 0.06 | −52.82% | 0.06 | 0.02 | −65.45% | 0.12 | 0.04 | −61.71% | 0.253 |
| Non-communicable diseases | 495.43 | 404.32 | −18.39%* | 388.94 | 315.46 | −18.89%* | 496.41 | 387.77 | −21.88%* | < 0.0001# |
| Neoplasms | 141.78 | 123.89 | −12.62% | 120.11 | 98.81 | −17.74% | 141.52 | 115.54 | −18.36%* | < 0.0001# |
| Esophageal cancer | 8.02 | 7.13 | −11.11% | 5.92 | 4.58 | −22.57% | 7.39 | 6.01 | −18.67% | < 0.0001# |
| Stomach cancer | 15.87 | 14.24 | −10.23% | 12.34 | 9.38 | −24.02%* | 15.64 | 12.99 | −16.93% | < 0.0001# |
| Liver cancer | 28.67 | 23.59 | −17.72%* | 22.65 | 16.61 | −26.69%* | 30.13 | 22.66 | −24.79%* | 0.032# |
| Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer | 34.72 | 26.62 | −23.33%* | 24.41 | 20.92 | −14.29% | 34.12 | 25.40 | −25.55%* | < 0.0001# |
| Breast cancer | 4.88 | 4.57 | −6.25% | 6.03 | 4.64 | −23.12% | 5.22 | 4.45 | −14.73% | 0.482 |
| Cervical cancer | 1.17 | 2.15 | 84.24%* | 2.16 | 3.17 | 46.65%* | 1.30 | 2.23 | 72.00%* | 0.666 |
| Uterine cancer | 1.89 | 0.89 | −53.11%* | 1.45 | 0.59 | −59.09%* | 1.80 | 0.85 | −52.68%* | < 0.0001# |
| Prostate cancer | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.04% | 0.34 | 0.31 | −8.77% | 0.35 | 0.33 | −4.49% | 0.124 |
| Colon and rectum cancer | 6.47 | 8.15 | 25.93%* | 7.63 | 8.01 | 5.05%* | 6.30 | 7.27 | 15.27%* | < 0.0001# |
| Nasopharygeal cancer | 12.62 | 9.90 | −21.53%* | 11.25 | 7.66 | −31.93%* | 12.19 | 8.75 | −28.16%* | < 0.0001# |
| Pancreatic cancer | 2.67 | 3.39 | 26.96%* | 3.17 | 3.24 | 2.08%* | 2.57 | 3.15 | 22.55%* | < 0.0001# |
| Ovarian cancer | 1.27 | 1.52 | 19.18%* | 2.05 | 1.90 | −7.71% | 1.30 | 1.46 | 11.63%* | 0.005# |
| Kidney cancer | 1.05 | 1.17 | 10.74%* | 1.31 | 1.19 | −9.13% | 1.00 | 1.03 | 2.94%* | < 0.0001# |
| Bladder cancer | 1.62 | 1.06 | −34.70%* | 1.33 | 0.77 | −42.41%* | 1.51 | 0.90 | −40.49% | < 0.0001# |
| Thyroid cancer | 0.83 | 0.69 | −16.45% | 1.03 | 0.71 | −30.74% | 0.92 | 0.71 | −22.48% | 0.945 |
| Leukaemia | 4.92 | 4.05 | −17.66%* | 4.32 | 3.42 | −20.90%* | 4.99 | 3.84 | −23.11%* | 0.119 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 199.58 | 170.86 | −14.39% | 159.57 | 136.96 | −14.17%* | 202.06 | 164.90 | −18.39%* | < 0.0001# |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 5.80 | 3.06 | −47.17%* | 4.10 | 2.26 | −45.03%* | 5.89 | 2.96 | −49.83%* | 0.007# |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 64.31 | 63.29 | −1.59%* | 61.72 | 60.51 | −1.97%* | 67.37 | 62.54 | −7.17%* | < 0.0001# |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 111.69 | 85.13 | −23.77%* | 76.65 | 54.81 | −28.49%* | 109.93 | 79.71 | −27.49%* | < 0.0001# |
| Ischaemic stroke | 45.92 | 33.63 | −26.75%* | 30.69 | 22.49 | −26.72%* | 45.24 | 29.95 | −33.80%* | < 0.0001# |
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 65.77 | 51.50 | −21.70%* | 45.96 | 32.32 | −29.67%* | 64.68 | 49.76 | −23.08% | < 0.0001# |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 10.07 | 12.06 | 19.84%* | 11.21 | 13.71 | 22.33%* | 11.04 | 12.59 | 13.99%* | 0.086 |
| Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis | 1.59 | 1.38 | −13.75% | 0.99 | 0.88 | −11.02% | 1.63 | 1.34 | −17.89% | 0.351 |
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 1.34 | 1.62 | 21.04%* | 1.24 | 1.45 | 17.29%* | 1.35 | 1.60 | 18.19%* | 0.036# |
| Aortic aneurysm | 1.16 | 1.22 | 5.17% | 0.85 | 0.89 | 4.90%* | 1.17 | 1.16 | −1.46%* | 0.034# |
| Chronic respiratory diseases | 83.27 | 48.71 | −41.51%* | 53.79 | 29.80 | −44.61%* | 81.17 | 47.14 | −41.93%* | < 0.0001# |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 76.91 | 46.37 | −39.72%* | 50.90 | 28.74 | −43.53%* | 75.36 | 44.90 | −40.43%* | < 0.0001# |
| Asthma | 5.97 | 1.74 | −70.80%* | 2.68 | 0.72 | −73.25%* | 5.42 | 1.65 | −69.52%* | < 0.0001# |
| Cirrhosis | 14.46 | 9.65 | −33.24%* | 8.35 | 5.44 | −34.90%* | 13.84 | 8.86 | −36.03%* | < 0.0001# |
| Cirrhosis due to alcohol use | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | – |
| Digestive diseases | 9.40 | 6.36 | −32.32%* | 5.86 | 3.83 | −34.66%* | 9.43 | 6.14 | −34.88%* | < 0.0001# |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 3.91 | 2.34 | −40.06%* | 2.15 | 1.22 | −43.39%* | 3.98 | 2.31 | −42.03%* | 0.123 |
| Pancreatitis | 1.08 | 0.72 | −33.61% | 0.81 | 0.55 | −32.98% | 1.00 | 0.62 | −37.45% | < 0.0001# |
| Neurological disorders | 14.08 | 16.99 | 20.65%* | 16.29 | 18.51 | 13.62%* | 14.15 | 17.03 | 20.36%* | < 0.0001# |
| Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias | 9.18 | 11.28 | 22.96%* | 10.56 | 11.93 | 13.04%* | 9.17 | 11.31 | 23.41%* | < 0.0001# |
| Parkinson’s disease | 2.82 | 3.36 | 19.09%* | 3.54 | 4.28 | 20.92%* | 2.90 | 3.37 | 16.07%* | 0.014# |
| Epilepsy | 1.50 | 1.84 | 22.53%* | 1.64 | 1.82 | 10.99%* | 1.49 | 1.85 | 24.31%* | 0.025# |
| Hemicrania | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | – |
| Mental and substance use disorders | 3.23 | 2.26 | −29.91%* | 1.55 | 1.15 | −26.08%* | 3.47 | 2.29 | −33.96%* | 0.310 |
| Schizophrenia | 0.60 | 0.67 | 11.19% | 0.44 | 0.46 | 4.63% | 0.65 | 0.66 | 1.74% | 0.791 |
| Drug use disorders | 1.70 | 1.06 | −37.45%* | 0.65 | 0.42 | −36.22%* | 1.82 | 1.09 | −40.02%* | 0.227 |
| Depressive disorder | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | |
| Infantile autism | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | |
| Diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases | 24.05 | 19.52 | −18.82%* | 18.40 | 14.96 | −18.73% | 24.72 | 19.14 | −22.59% | < 0.0001# |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8.64 | 6.41 | −25.76%* | 6.05 | 4.38 | −27.70%* | 8.65 | 6.06 | −30.02%* | < 0.0001# |
| Chronic kidney disease | 9.56 | 8.77 | −8.19% | 7.95 | 6.95 | −12.52% | 10.18 | 8.88 | −12.79%* | 0.224 |
| Gynaecological diseases | 0.46 | 0.35 | −23.50% | 0.36 | 0.39 | 7.04%* | 0.45 | 0.34 | −23.73% | 0.305 |
| Haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias | 2.54 | 1.64 | −35.39%* | 1.88 | 1.40 | −25.51% | 2.49 | 1.54 | −37.94% | 0.001# |
| Musculoskeletal disorders | 1.09 | 0.89 | −17.82% | 1.09 | 0.85 | −22.33%* | 1.08 | 0.84 | −22.52% | 0.047# |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.43 | 0.36 | −15.99% | 0.42 | 0.34 | −18.66% | 0.43 | 0.34 | −18.97% | 0.146 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | |
| Low back and neck pain | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | |
| Low back pain | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | |
| Neck pain | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | |
| Other non-communicable diseases | 4.50 | 5.18 | 15.07%* | 3.93 | 5.16 | 31.57% | 4.96 | 5.90 | 18.88% | 0.150 |
| Congenital anomalies | 4.26 | 4.97 | 16.51%* | 3.70 | 4.91 | 32.86% | 4.68 | 5.57 | 19.10% | 0.429 |
| Skin and subcutaneous diseases | 0.20 | 0.16 | −20.98% | 0.19 | 0.19 | −0.65% | 0.24 | 0.26 | 8.82% | < 0.04# |
| Sense organ diseases | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | |
| Oral disorders | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | |
| Injuries | 53.03 | 31.29 | −40.99%* | 33.48 | 20.83 | −37.79%* | 58.23 | 31.87 | −45.26%* | < 0.0001# |
| Transport injuries | 23.03 | 13.17 | −42.81%* | 14.21 | 8.07 | −43.17%* | 25.68 | 13.00 | −49.37%* | < 0.0001# |
| Road injuries | 21.62 | 12.62 | −41.61%* | 13.70 | 7.75 | −43.44%* | 23.94 | 12.32 | −48.54%* | 0.001# |
| Other transport injuries | 1.41 | 0.55 | −61.15%* | 0.51 | 0.33 | −35.75%* | 1.74 | 0.68 | −60.78%* | < 0.0001# |
| Unintentional injuries | 17.58 | 12.28 | −30.17%* | 13.62 | 9.63 | −29.30%* | 19.69 | 13.20 | −32.97%* | < 0.0001# |
| Falls | 4.54 | 4.05 | −10.63% | 3.87 | 3.43 | −11.33% | 5.09 | 4.31 | −15.22% | 0.002# |
| Drowning | 5.17 | 3.17 | −38.55%* | 4.23 | 2.56 | −39.48%* | 5.78 | 3.39 | −41.31%* | < 0.0001# |
| Fire, heat, and hot substances | 1.29 | 0.66 | −48.48%* | 0.80 | 0.46 | −41.83%* | 1.45 | 0.74 | −49.38%* | 0.009# |
| Poisonings | 2.29 | 1.38 | −40.06%* | 1.38 | 0.83 | −39.93%* | 2.54 | 1.46 | −42.58%* | 0.013# |
| Intentional injury | 12.21 | 5.76 | −52.82%* | 5.51 | 3.06 | −44.43%* | 12.62 | 5.59 | −55.72%* | 0.692 |
| Self-harm | 9.17 | 4.54 | −50.53%* | 4.33 | 2.49 | −42.55%* | 9.51 | 4.38 | −53.96%* | 0.682 |
| Interpersonal violence | 3.04 | 1.22 | −59.75%* | 1.18 | 0.57 | −51.36%* | 3.11 | 1.21 | −61.10%* | 0.108 |
| Other diarrhea, lower respiratory and common infectious disease | 1.09 | 0.70 | −36.03%* | 0.86 | 0.57 | −34.39%* | 1.09 | 0.77 | −29.62%* | 0.552 |
| Other neglected tropical disease | 0.11 | 0.06 | −47.25% | 0.10 | 0.09 | −15.50% | 0.15 | 0.07 | −56.55% | 0.088 |
| Other nutritional disease | 1.10 | 1.18 | 7.64%* | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.28% | 1.06 | 1.12 | 6.32%* | < 0.02# |
| Other hepatitis | 0.19 | 0.08 | −57.14%* | 0.07 | 0.04 | −41.87% | 0.16 | 0.06 | −60.61%* | 0.071 |
| Other Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | 0.19 | 0.15 | −19.36% | 0.09 | 0.09 | −6.81% | 0.18 | 0.15 | −17.00% | 0.352 |
| Other cancer | 14.75 | 14.41 | −2.29%* | 12.71 | 11.72 | −7.82%* | 14.79 | 13.50 | −8.71%* | < 0.0001# |
| Other cardiovascular disease | 3.62 | 3.09 | −14.54% | 2.80 | 2.45 | −12.58% | 3.67 | 3.02 | −17.92% | < 0.002# |
| Other chronic respiratory disease | 0.39 | 0.60 | 54.58%* | 0.21 | 0.34 | 56.48%* | 0.39 | 0.59 | 52.51%* | 0.509 |
| Other Cirrhosis | 14.46 | 9.65 | −33.24%* | 8.35 | 5.44 | −34.90%* | 13.84 | 8.86 | −36.03%* | < 0.0001# |
| Other digestive disease | 4.41 | 3.30 | −25.15%* | 2.89 | 2.06 | −28.62%* | 4.45 | 3.21 | −27.92% | 0.008# |
| Other neurological disorders | 0.58 | 0.50 | −13.09% | 0.55 | 0.47 | −14.13% | 0.59 | 0.49 | −16.10% | 0.682 |
| Other mental and substance use disorders | 0.93 | 0.53 | −42.68%* | 0.46 | 0.27 | −40.83%* | 0.99 | 0.53 | −46.26%* | 0.558 |
| Other diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases | 2.85 | 2.34 | −17.87% | 2.17 | 1.84 | −14.91% | 2.95 | 2.32 | −21.49% | 0.185# |
| Other musculoskeletal disorders | 0.65 | 0.53 | −19.03% | 0.67 | 0.51 | −24.62%* | 0.65 | 0.49 | −24.82% | 0.164 |
| Others | 0.04 | 0.06 | 39.49% | 0.03 | 0.06 | 72.40% | 0.05 | 0.07 | 48.52% | 0.742 |
| Other unintentional injury | 4.30 | 3.01 | −29.94%* | 3.35 | 2.35 | −29.80%* | 4.83 | 3.30 | −31.68%* | 0.014# |
| Other injury | 0.21 | 0.08 | −61.06%* | 0.14 | 0.06 | −57.37%* | 0.23 | 0.09 | −63.48%* | 0.527 |
#Statistical significance using Poisson regression model for comparison of different culture regions (P < 0.05)
*Statistical significance using the test of Cochran-Armitage trend for year 2005 to 2015 comparison (P < 0.05)