. 2020 Jun 5;20:858. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8420-7

Table 2.

Age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) rate (per 100,000) for 116 diseases in Hakka, Canton and Hoklo culture regions in 2005 and 2015

All cause of death	Hakka culture region			Canton culture region			Hoklo culture region			P value
All cause of death	2005	2015	Change	2005	2015	Change	2005	2015	Change	P value
All cause of death	25,738.30	19,988.00	−22.34^*	17,093.90	14,396.50	−15.78^*	24,871.80	20,436.60	−17.83^*	< 0.0001^#
Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases	2790.66	2666.13	−4.46^*	1990.19	1803.29	−9.39^*	2795.57	2515.09	−10.03^*	< 0.0001^#
HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis	330.86	358.49	8.35	196.40	179.54	−8.58^*	383.21	388.06	1.27^*	< 0.0001^#
Tuberculosis	288.13	286.30	−0.64^*	141.89	106.78	−24.74^*	345.39	328.49	−4.89^*	< 0.0001^#
HIV/AIDS	42.73	72.19	68.94^*	54.51	72.75	33.46^*	37.83	59.57	57.47^*	< 0.0001^#
Diarrhoea, lower respiratory and other common infectious diseases	711.32	597.00	−16.07^*	531.49	410.33	−22.80^*	718.61	541.28	−24.68^*	0.062
Diarrhoeal diseases	101.27	90.23	−10.90^*	68.42	52.25	−23.63^*	80.26	71.07	−11.45^*	< 0.0001^#
Intestinal infectious diseases	13.89	10.00	−28.01^*	12.93	9.86	− 23.74^*	13.76	8.45	−38.59^*	0.724
Lower respiratory infections	164.06	259.81	58.36^*	144.61	191.86	32.67^*	155.69	229.19	47.21^*	< 0.0001^#
Meningitis	117.92	71.61	−39.27^*	72.30	42.32	−41.47^*	100.06	58.64	−41.40^*	< 0.0001^#
Measles	172.89	50.61	−70.73^*	126.39	30.16	−76.14^*	202.08	59.95	−70.33^*	< 0.0001^#
Neglected tropical diseases and malaria	520.70	400.65	−23.06^*	337.72	271.49	−19.61^*	417.23	357.02	−14.43^*	< 0.0001^#
Malaria	1.74	1.03	−40.80^*	1.83	0.66	−63.93^*	1.65	0.89	−46.06^*	< 0.0001^#
Rabies	28.54	6.61	−76.84^*	26.22	12.07	−53.97^*	19.93	5.70	−71.40^*	< 0.0001^#
Intestinal nematode infections	333.62	298.88	−10.41^*	199.42	153.19	−23.18^*	256.50	244.64	−4.62^*	< 0.0001^#
Maternal disorders	14.89	5.29	−64.47^*	20.99	7.50	−64.27^*	14.64	5.02	−65.71^*	0.279
Neonatal disorders	614.72	732.54	19.17^*	491.65	578.33	17.63^*	625.34	654.49	4.66^*	< 0.0001^#
Nutritional deficiencies	474.19	490.59	3.46^*	342.68	316.20	−7.73^*	499.87	485.01	−2.97^*	< 0.0001^#
Iron-deficiency anaemia	422.28	436.27	3.31^*	299.59	274.73	−8.30^*	447.77	432.29	−3.46^*	< 0.0001^#
Other communicable, maternal,neonatal, and nutritional diseases	123.99	81.57	−34.21^*	69.27	39.91	−42.38^*	136.67	84.21	−38.38^*	< 0.0001^#
Sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV	51.81	31.84	−38.54^*	38.54	13.25	−65.62^*	56.05	34.00	−39.34^*	< 0.0001^#
Hepatitis	47.47	24.63	−48.11^*	20.43	16.04	−21.49^*	55.10	27.38	−50.31^*	< 0.0001^#
Acute hepatitis A	11.93	10.25	−14.08^*	7.32	5.21	−28.83^*	12.38	10.68	−13.73^*	0.062
Acute hepatitis B	26.53	10.32	−61.10^*	8.40	7.69	−8.45^*	32.73	11.99	−63.37^*	< 0.0001^#
Acute hepatitis C	3.17	1.26	−60.25^*	1.75	0.57	−67.43^*	3.29	1.60	−51.37^*	< 0.0001^#
Non-communicable diseases	19,758.00	15,582.50	−21.13^*	13,383.90	11,525.90	−13.88^*	19,227.10	16,256.30	−15.45^*	< 0.0001^#
Neoplasms	3948.53	2891.63	−26.77^*	3194.09	2397.33	−24.94^*	3941.57	3142.67	−20.27^*	< 0.0001^#
esophageal cancer	183.09	134.50	−26.54^*	142.85	99.42	−30.40^*	199.78	164.78	−17.52^*	< 0.0001^#
Stomach cancer	405.49	308.33	−23.96^*	310.70	214.23	−31.05^*	411.30	345.05	−16.11^*	< 0.0001^#
Liver cancer	802.96	551.27	−31.35^*	590.71	395.57	−33.03^*	763.51	584.75	−23.41^*	0.001^#
Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer	995.58	626.03	−37.12^*	654.80	503.17	−23.16^*	1005.01	668.99	−33.43^*	< 0.0001^#
Breast cancer	145.22	121.48	−16.35^*	163.21	121.10	−25.80^*	135.40	125.60	−7.24^*	0.747
Cervical cancer	29.21	52.75	80.59^*	48.78	72.70	49.04^*	26.22	50.55	92.79^*	0.010^#
Uterine cancer	44.14	18.29	−58.56^*	31.45	9.99	−68.24^*	46.82	19.00	−59.42^*	< 0.0001^#
Prostate cancer	8.30	6.82	−17.83	8.20	6.31	−23.05^*	8.55	7.84	−8.30	< 0.0001^#
Colon and rectum cancer	156.54	169.17	8.07^*	187.59	183.46	−2.20^*	161.73	194.72	20.40^*	< 0.0001^#
Nasopharygeal cancer	315.14	206.17	−34.58^*	286.20	176.43	−38.35^*	327.84	239.86	−26.84^*	< 0.0001^#
Pancreatic cancer	58.98	67.11	13.78^*	71.78	66.31	−7.62^*	61.90	74.10	19.71^*	< 0.0001^#
Ovarian cancer	29.13	32.11	10.23^*	45.56	39.85	−12.53	28.77	33.66	17.00^*	< 0.0001^#
Kidney cancer	20.87	19.51	−6.52^*	27.22	21.81	−19.88^*	22.51	23.18	2.98^*	< 0.0001^#
Bladder cancer	34.62	17.30	−50.03^*	28.81	13.64	−52.66^*	37.86	21.62	−42.89^*	< 0.0001^#
Thyroid cancer	20.16	13.61	−32.49^*	21.45	12.54	−41.54^*	18.19	13.46	−26.00^*	0.273
Leukaemia	228.80	158.44	−30.75^*	194.89	140.81	−27.75^*	224.07	165.17	−26.29^*	< 0.0001^#
Cardiovascular diseases	4292.37	3093.99	−27.92^*	2908.59	2274.07	−21.82^*	4218.82	3249.63	−22.97^*	< 0.0001^#
Rheumatic heart disease	196.97	93.83	−52.36^*	104.52	56.33	−46.11^*	191.94	97.25	−49.33^*	0.029^#
Ischaemic heart disease	1372.88	1160.05	−15.50^*	1152.25	1032.42	−10.40^*	1310.31	1193.98	−8.88^*	< 0.0001^#
Cerebrovascular disease	2321.07	1478.05	−36.32^*	1369.14	899.75	−34.28^*	2337.35	1599.92	−31.55^*	< 0.0001^#
Ischaemic stroke	962.06	597.31	−37.91^*	560.86	392.07	−30.09^*	967.38	675.00	−30.22^*	< 0.0001^#
Haemorrhagic stroke	1359.01	880.74	−35.19^*	808.29	507.69	−37.19^*	1369.97	924.92	−32.49^*	< 0.0001^#
Hypertensive heart disease	171.87	164.18	−4.47^*	145.62	154.92	6.39^*	155.44	156.60	0.75^*	< 0.0001^#
Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis	67.02	56.00	−16.44^*	31.45	28.65	−8.90^*	64.62	55.30	−14.42^*	0.001^#
Atrial fibrillation and flutter	47.78	56.10	17.41^*	35.69	44.47	24.60^*	46.92	58.21	24.06^*	< 0.0001^#
Aortic aneurysm	29.87	25.59	−14.33	18.44	17.56	−4.77^*	29.29	27.46	−6.25	< 0.0001^#
Chronic respiratory diseases	1637.99	1000.40	−38.93^*	904.81	545.24	−39.74^*	1656.14	1041.28	−37.13^*	< 0.0001^#
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1426.92	884.04	−38.05^*	835.85	505.83	−39.48^*	1449.62	937.06	−35.36^*	< 0.0001^#
Asthma	192.13	89.54	−53.40^*	61.23	26.79	−56.25^*	188.97	79.16	−58.11^*	< 0.0001^#
Cirrhosis	435.60	249.30	−42.77^*	228.36	135.34	−40.73^*	455.87	274.54	−39.78^*	< 0.0001^#
Cirrhosis due to alcohol use	0.75	0.82	9.33^*	0.72	0.82	13.89^*	0.77	0.88	14.29^*	0.014^#
Digestive diseases	396.72	278.26	−29.86^*	199.95	149.06	−25.45^*	384.09	289.64	−24.59^*	< 0.0001^#
Peptic ulcer disease	134.96	73.14	−45.81^*	61.65	34.26	−44.43^*	129.65	74.93	−42.21^*	0.551
Pancreatitis	21.22	12.08	−43.07^*	15.88	9.48	− 40.30^*	23.23	14.37	−38.14^*	< 0.0001^#
Neurological disorders	736.75	699.57	−5.05^*	668.45	631.02	−5.60^*	725.72	698.53	−3.75^*	< 0.0001^#
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias	159.18	171.88	7.98^*	173.57	177.04	2.00^*	159.87	174.48	9.14^*	< 0.0001^#
Parkinson’s disease	74.07	70.28	−5.12^*	80.65	81.91	1.56^*	73.22	71.84	−1.88^*	< 0.0001^#
Epilepsy	67.32	81.31	20.78^*	64.49	78.07	21.06^*	65.54	80.67	23.09^*	< 0.0001^#
hemicrania	307.23	264.57	−13.89^*	240.39	199.87	−16.86^*	300.10	259.84	−13.42^*	< 0.0001^#
Mental and substance use disorders	2731.12	2193.60	−19.68^*	1022.46	960.20	−6.09^*	2524.35	2177.44	−13.74^*	< 0.0001^#
Schizophrenia	346.57	539.44	55.65^*	111.62	207.78	86.15^*	303.54	579.32	90.85^*	< 0.0001^#
Drug use disorders	449.50	186.23	−58.57^*	62.12	30.01	−51.69^*	371.76	159.38	−57.13^*	< 0.0001^#
Depressive disorder	778.66	604.07	−22.42^*	287.74	242.16	−15.84^*	729.79	566.76	−22.34^*	< 0.0001^#
infantile autism	174.82	135.85	−22.29^*	83.89	76.65	−8.63^*	162.63	131.51	−19.14^*	< 0.0001^#
Diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases	1779.26	1384.84	−22.17^*	1075.26	946.26	−12.00^*	1665.06	1412.85	−15.15^*	< 0.0001^#
Diabetes mellitus	820.07	558.89	−31.85^*	419.41	342.39	−18.36^*	772.48	590.16	−23.60^*	< 0.0001^#
Chronic kidney disease	345.98	277.13	−19.90^*	234.71	196.45	−16.30^*	317.28	273.49	−13.80^*	< 0.0001^#
Gynaecological diseases	153.83	148.49	−3.47^*	107.62	99.16	−7.86 ^*	144.09	150.96	4.77^*	0.244
Haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias	283.33	259.98	−8.24^*	174.98	179.36	2.50^*	260.54	255.86	−1.80^*	< 0.0001^#
Musculoskeletal disorders	1694.31	1616.82	−4.57^*	1481.89	1512.38	2.06^*	1657.90	1760.05	6.16^*	< 0.0001^#
Rheumatoid arthritis	56.21	61.70	9.77^*	46.44	55.64	19.81^*	55.89	73.18	30.94^*	< 0.0001^#
Osteoarthritis	147.59	182.70	23.79^*	126.18	165.03	30.79^*	153.44	205.27	33.78^*	< 0.0001^#
Low back and neck pain	1068.61	1010.80	−5.41^*	1019.89	1029.16	0.91^*	1096.16	1155.43	5.41^*	< 0.0001^#
Low back pain	569.02	533.84	−6.18^*	548.66	555.13	1.18^*	583.39	611.18	4.76^*	< 0.0001^#
Neck pain	499.60	476.95	−4.53^*	471.23	474.03	0.59^*	512.77	544.25	6.14^*	< 0.0001^#
Other non-communicable diseases	2105.39	2174.14	3.27^*	1700.02	1974.99	16.17^*	1997.56	2209.71	10.62^*	< 0.0001^#
Congenital anomalies	584.40	672.16	15.02^*	446.03	622.86	39.65^*	547.95	676.35	23.43^*	< 0.0001^#
Skin and subcutaneous diseases	542.34	471.68	−13.03^*	310.09	274.66	−11.43^*	435.85	384.40	−11.80^*	< 0.0001^#
Sense organ diseases	795.19	848.91	6.76^*	704.87	808.17	14.66^*	834.64	956.11	14.55^*	< 0.0001^#
Oral disorders	179.49	175.50	−2.22^*	140.20	152.86	9.03^*	175.63	187.98	7.03^*	< 0.0001^#
Injuries	3189.58	1739.29	−45.47^*	1719.80	1067.36	−37.94^*	2849.14	1665.14	− 41.56^*	< 0.0001^#
Transport injuries	1362.87	692.02	−49.22^*	734.36	417.83	−43.10^*	1201.41	688.81	−42.67^*	< 0.0001^#
Road injuries	1262.68	650.63	−48.47^*	709.54	398.92	−43.78^*	1121.45	657.52	−41.37^*	< 0.0001^#
Other transport injuries	100.19	41.39	−58.69^*	24.82	18.91	−23.81^*	79.97	31.29	−60.87^*	< 0.0001^#
Unintentional injuries	1206.87	796.01	−34.04^*	760.03	537.22	−29.32^*	1050.09	721.60	−31.28^*	< 0.0001^#
Falls	351.26	288.25	−17.94^*	237.65	208.51	−12.26^*	306.90	269.26	−12.26^*	< 0.0001^#
Drowning	284.75	153.98	−45.92^*	196.80	107.00	−45.63^*	247.19	135.73	−45.09^*	< 0.0001^#
Fire, heat, and hot substances	84.61	40.09	−52.62^*	37.98	21.51	−43.36^*	71.74	33.44	−53.39^*	< 0.0001^#
Poisonings	108.29	49.18	−54.58^*	49.20	23.83	−51.57^*	93.20	43.87	−52.93^*	< 0.0001^#
Intentional injury	604.52	245.09	−59.46^*	217.08	108.35	−50.09^*	583.96	248.85	−57.39^*	< 0.0001^#
Self-harm and interpersonal violence	412.28	167.03	−59.49^*	150.58	74.45	−50.56^*	396.15	170.64	−56.93^*	< 0.0001^#
Interpersonal violence	192.24	78.05	−59.40^*	66.50	33.90	−49.02^*	187.81	78.22	−58.35^*	< 0.0001^#
Other diarrhea, lower respiratory and common infectious disease	141.29	114.75	−18.78^*	106.84	83.87	−21.50^*	166.76	113.99	−31.64^*	< 0.0001^#
Other neglected tropical disease	156.80	94.13	−39.97^*	110.26	105.57	−4.25^*	139.16	105.79	−23.98^*	< 0.0001^#
Other nutritional disease	51.91	54.32	4.64^*	43.09	41.47	−3.76^*	52.11	52.72	1.17^*	< 0.0001^#
Other hepatitis	5.84	2.79	−52.23^*	2.97	2.57	−13.47^*	6.70	3.12	−53.43^*	< 0.0001^#
Other Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases	24.70	25.10	1.62^*	10.30	10.62	3.11^*	25.53	22.83	−10.58^*	< 0.0001^#
Other cancer	470.29	388.74	−17.34	379.87	319.99	−15.76^*	462.12	410.32	−11.21	< 0.0001^#
Other cardiovascular disease	84.91	60.18	−29.12^*	51.47	39.97	−22.34^*	82.94	60.89	−26.59^*	< 0.0001^#
Other chronic respiratory disease	18.93	26.83	41.73^*	7.73	12.62	63.26^*	17.56	25.06	42.71^*	< 0.0001^#
Oother Cirrhosis	434.85	248.48	−42.86^*	227.64	134.52	−40.91^*	455.10	273.65	−39.87^*	< 0.0001^#
Other digestive disease	240.54	193.04	−19.75^*	122.43	105.32	−13.98^*	231.21	200.34	−13.35^*	< 0.0001^#
Other Neurological disorders	128.95	111.54	−13.50^*	109.35	94.14	−13.91^*	126.99	111.71	−12.03^*	< 0.0001^#
Other mental and substance use disorders	981.56	728.01	−25.83^*	477.09	403.61	−15.40^*	956.63	740.48	−22.59^*	< 0.0001^#
Other diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases	176.05	140.34	−20.28^*	138.54	128.90	−6.96	170.67	142.38	−16.58^*	0.007^#
Other Musculoskeletal disorders	421.90	361.62	−14.29	289.38	262.56	−9.27^*	352.41	326.18	−7.44	< 0.0001^#
Others	3.97	5.89	48.36^*	98.84	116.44	17.81	3.49	4.87	39.54^*	< 0.0001^#
Other unintentional injury	377.97	264.52	−30.02^*	238.41	176.36	−26.03^*	331.06	239.31	−27.71^*	< 0.0001^#
Other injury	15.32	6.18	−59.66^*	8.33	3.96	−52.46^*	13.68	5.88	−57.02^*	< 0.0001^#

^*Statistical significance using the test of Cochran-Armitage trend for year 2005 to 2015 comparison (P < 0.05); ^#statistical significance using Poisson regression model for comparison of different culture regions (P < 0.05)