Table 2.

The neuropsychological test battery

Instrument	Variables	Description	Higher/lower scores indicating improvement	Reliability
Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III)1	Logical memory I	Task: History recitation	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.88a Adequate test – retest: 0.77b SEM: 1.04a Sdiff: 1.47
	Logical Memory II	Task: Delayed history recitation	Higher	Low internal consistency: 0.84a Adequate test – retest: 0.77b SEM: 1.20a Sdiff: 1.70
	Verbal Paired Associates I	Task: Word pairing	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.95a Adequate test – retest: 0.77b SEM: 0.67a Sdiff: 0.95
	Verbal Paired Associates II	Task: Delayed word pairing	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.88a Adequate test – retest: 0.73b SEM: 1.04a Sdiff: 1.47
	Faces I	Task: Face recognition among other faces	Higher	Low internal consistency: 0.77a Low test – retest: 0.64b SEM: 1.44a Sdiff: 2.04
	Faces II	Task: Delayed face recognition	Higher	Low internal consistency: 0.83a Low test – retest: 0.58b SEM: 1.24a Sdiff: 1.75
	Family Pictures I	Task: Picture recall	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.86a Low test – retest: 0.61b SEM: 1.12a Sdiff: 1.58
	Family Pictures II	Task: Delayed picture recall	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.85a Low test – retest: 0.67b SEM: 1.16a Sdiff: 1.64
	Letter-Number Sequencing	Task: Recall and ordering letters and numbers	Higher	Low internal consistency: 0.75a Low test – retest: 0.61b SEM: 1.50a Sdiff: 2.12
	Spatial Span	Task: Visual pointing recall	Higher	Low internal consistency: 0.82a Low test – retest: 0.65b SEM: 1.27a Sdiff: 1.80
	Auditory Immediate Index	Index: Measuring auditory immediate memory	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.93a Adequate test – retest: 0.84b SEM: 3.97a Sdiff: 5.61
	Auditory Delayed Index	Index: Measuring auditory delayed memory	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.90a Adequate test – retest: 0.82b SEM: 4.74a Sdiff: 6.70
	Visual Immediate Index	Index: Measuring visual immediate memory	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.85a Adequate test – retest: 0.74b SEM: 5.81a Sdiff: 8.22
	Visual Delayed Index	Index: Measuring visual delayed memory	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.87a Adequate test – retest: 0.74b SEM: 5.41a Sdiff: 7.65
	Immediate Memory index	Index: Measuring immediate memory	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.92a Adequate test – retest: 0.84b SEM: 4.24a Sdiff: 3.17
	Auditory Recognition Delayed Index	Index: Measuring recognition	Higher	Low internal consistency: 0.74a Low test – retest: 0.60b SEM: 7.65a Sdiff: 10.82
	General Memory Index	Index: A global measure of delayed memory	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.93a Adequate test – retest: 0.87b SEM: 3.97a Sdiff: 5.61
	Working Memory Index	Index: Measuring working memory	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.85a Adequate test – retest: 0.70b SEM: 5.81a Sdiff: 8.22
Processing Speed Index (PSI) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS-IV)2	Symbol Search	Task: Search for symbols in rows of symbols	Higher	Low internal consistency: 0.73a Adequate test – retest: 0.75c SEM: 1.56a Sdiff: 2.21
	Symbol Search errors	–	Lower	–
	Coding	Task: Write correct symbols under numbers	Higher	Internal consistency: 0.84a Adequate test – retest: 0.83c SEM: 1.20a Sdiff: 1.70
	Coding errors	–	Lower	–
	Processing Speed Index	Index: Measuring processing speed (and attention)	Higher	Adequate internal consistency: 0.87a Adequate test – retest: 0.87c SEM: 5.41a Sdiff: 7.65
d2-R Test of Attention – Revised3	Processed Targets	Task: Search for d’s with marks in rows of letters with marks	Higher	–
	Errors	–	Lower	–
	Accuracy (% errors)	–	Lower	–
	Corrected total score	Measuring attention, (and processing speed and response inhibition)	Higher	High test – retest: 0.87 SEM: 40.1d Sdiff: 56.71
	Concentration Performance	Measuring concentration	Higher	High test – retest: 0.91 SEM: 17.6d Sdiff: 24.89
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)4:
Verbal Fluency Test	Condition 1: Phonemic/ Letter Fluency	Task: Words with specific first letter Measuring word fluency	Higher	High internal consistency: 0.90e Moderate test – retest: 0.76f SEM: 0.97e Sdiff: 1.37
	Condition 2: Semantic/ Category Fluency	Task: Animals and boy’s names Measuring word fluency	Higher	Moderate internal consistency: 0.76e Good test – retest: 0.81f SEM: 1.48e Sdiff: 2.09
	Condition 3: Category Switching	Task: Switch between furniture and fruits Measuring cognitive flexibility	Higher	Moderate internal consistency: 0.68e Low test – retest: 0.49f SEM: 1.71e Sdiff: 2.42
	Repetition Errors	–	Lower	–
	Category Errors	–	Lower	–
Design Fluency Test	Condition 1: Filled Dot	Task: Draw different designs Measuring design fluency	Higher	Moderate test – retest: 0.62f SEM: 1.94g Sdiff: 2.74
	Condition 2: Empty Dots Only	Task: Draw different designs without the use of filled dots Measuring design fluency and response inhibition	Higher	Moderate test – retest: 0.73f SEM: 1.98g Sdiff: 2.80
	Condition 3: Switching	Task: Switch between filled and empty dots Measuring cognitive flexibility	Higher	Low test – retest: 0.22f SEM: 2.47g Sdiff: 3.49
	Repetition Errors	–	Lower	–
	Category Errors	–	Lower	–
Trail Making Test	Condition 1: Visual search	Task: Cross 3’s among numbers and letters Measuring attention, and processing speed	Lower	Low test – retest: 0.55f
	Condition 2: Numbers	Task: Draw line between numbers in order among numbers and letters Measuring attention and processing speed	Lower	Low test – retest: 0.54f
	Condition 3: Letters	Task: Draw line between letters in order among numbers and letters Measuring attention and processing speed	Lower	Low test – retest: 0.48f
	Condition 4: Number-Letter	Task: Switch between numbers and letters Measuring cognitive flexibility	Lower	Low test – retest: 0.36f
	Condition 4 Errors	–	Lower	–
	Condition 5: Motor Speed	–	Lower	Moderate test – retest: 0.73f
	Combined Number + Letter Sequencing	–	Lower	Moderate internal consistency: 0.78e Moderate test – retest: 0.64f SEM: 1.41g Sdiff: 1.99
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Revised and Expanded (WCST)5	Trials Administered	Task: Matching cards to key cards based on color, form, or number	Lower	–
	Correct trials	–	Higher	–
	Errors	–	Lower	Generalizability coefficient: 0.71 SEM: 8.08
	Perseverative Responses	Measuring cognitive inflexibility	Lower	Generalizability coefficient: 0.53 SEM: 10.28
	Perseverative Errors	Measuring cognitive inflexibility	Lower	Generalizability coefficient: 0.52 SEM: 10.39
	Non-perseverative Errors	–	Lower	Generalizability coefficient: 0.72 SEM: 7.94
	Conceptual Level Responses	–	Higher	–
	Categories Completed	–	Higher	–
	Failure to Maintain Set	–	Lower	–

¹ Information from WAIS-III WMS-III Technical Manual (2002), re-test interval WMS-III = 35.6 days; ² Information from WAIS-IV Technical and Interpretive Manual (2008), re-test interval WAIS-IV = 22 days; ³ Information from d2 Test of Attention in Danish d2-testen – en vurdering af opmærksomhed of koncentration (2006), re-test interval d2 test = 8–9 weeks; ⁴ Information from D-KEFS Technical Manual (2001), re-test interval D-KEFS = 25 days; ⁵ Information from Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual – Revised and Expanded (1993), re-test interval WCST = 32.61 days

SE_M Standard errors of measurement (reported in scaled-score units for subtests (for WMS-III, WAIS_IV, and D-KEFS), in index units for index scores (for WMS and WAIS), and in total score units (for d2 test and WCST))

S_diff Estimated standard error of the difference scores (calculated based on Iverson and Grant (2001))

^a Reported in relation to age 35–44 years; ^b Reported in relation to age 16–54 years; ^c Reported in relation to age 30–54 years; ^d Reported for whole sample 20–60 years; ^e Reported in relation to age 30–39 years; ^f Reported in relation to age 20–49 years; ^g Reported for whole sample 8–89 years