Table 1.

Effects of active ingredients (berberine, catechin, and capsaicin alone and their combination) with different concentrations on the intracellular lipids accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells after Oil Red O staining

Components	Dose (μM)	Mean (SD)	p value
Con-	-	100 ± 4.70	***
Berberine	3.00	107.89 ± 4.49	NS
	6.25	121.58 ± 6.1	**
Capsaicin	6.25	103.16 ± 5.15	**
	12.5	113.68 ± 5.48	***
Catechin	6.25	94.21 ± 4.51	***
	12.5	80.00 ± 4.2	***
Berberine + capsaicin	3.00 + 6.25	157.89 ± 7.50	***
	6.25 + 12.5	103.16 ± 5.35	NS
Berberine + catechin	3.00 + 6.25	131.05 ± 6.2	*
	6.25 + 12.5	117.89 ± 6.1	NS
Capsaicin + catechin	6.25 + 6.25	127.89 ± 6.39	*
	12.5 + 12.5	114.74 ± 5.79	NS
Berberine + capsaicin + catechin	3.00 + 6.25 + 6.25	116.55 ± 5.62	*
	6.25 + 12.5 + 12.5	112.84 ± 5.14	*
Con+	-	147.37 ± 7.36

The negative (Con^-) and positive (Con⁺) controls were preadipocytes treated with 0.1% DMSO. Results are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001 compared with the control group). NS, not significant