Fig. 5.

Exogenous application of 4-FPA reduces survival rates of other piercing and sucking herbivores. Mean survival rate (+SE, n = 8) of 15 newly hatched nymphs of small brown planthopper (SBPH, A), brown planthopper (BPH, B), bird cherry-oat aphid (BCA, C), and English grain aphid (EGA, D) fed on rice, barley, or wheat plants grown in nutrient solution with 5 mg L⁻¹ 4-FPA for 12 h, 1 to 8 d after exposure compared to their respective controls. Asterisks indicate significant differences between treatments and controls (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, Student’s t tests).